Quantcast
Channel: Poemas del río Wang
Viewing all 938 articles
Browse latest View live

Long live

$
0
0

The last May Day parade, I think, was in 1989. In 1990, a few weeks after the first free elections, we already went to the picnic organized instead of it in the City Park, for the assessment of the situation of the winning and losing parties, combined with sausages and beer. Only the thirty-year old pictures of Alexander Nankin’s just released nostalgia post have recalled again, what a magnificent event was that profane liturgy of the power, coreographed on the basis of archaic models.


“This was the most gorgeous, brightest, most coveted celebration in the Soviet Union, for several reasons. The first was the gentle spring sunshine. The second the day of rest. The third the festive ritual and parade. Red flags, mega-portraits of the leaders. But do not believe that the Soviet people were so enthusiastic about the styrofoam pigeons and the little flags set on the lapel of the suit, oh no. Simply, it was something like company events are today. The workplace collectives gathered in a joyous, festive mood, and they started to drink already early in the morning: until, during and after the parade. It was great fun. It was a feast. Of course, not everyone drank, for some the company was enough, but either way, few people knew what we were celebrating on that day, or what its deeper significance was, and so on. Rather, it was a kind of Brazilian carnival, where one district competed with the other, one factory with the other plant, in whose parade truck is more beautiful, whose banners are more shining…

Since morning you could here the marching music from the streets, and in the TV a festive screen indicated that the live broadcast from Moscow will begin shortly.


To me, as a schoolboy, from the seventies the question was whether to watch the parade of Moscow in the TV, or to go out on the main street, and take delight in the wonderful parade of the local factories. During the broadcasting of the parade usually the TV won, and when it was over, the balance tilted toward the street. The question was definitively decided only when, from the 80s, I and my friends became active alcohol consumers. On the street well-dressed women and schoolgirls, at every corner tables where we could drink a glass of wine with melted cheese. Every good thing was condensed in that day… I think nowadays only the North Korean comrades can understand this feeling :)”



1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya1maya

The processionists selfying with the TV from about 1'11" merit special attention.


Another May Day

$
0
0

May Day, the international feast of the working class, was first declared an official feast day in the Soviet Union, although, out of prudence, not as “Workers’ Day”, but as “Labor Day”. And for the second time – as we read on Wikipedia– after WWII, in the countries of the Socialist Eastern Bloc.

However, something is omitted here.

Because it was in Germany that May Day became an official feast for the second time. More specifically, in 1933.


And if we want to be more accurate, then the Soviet Union and Germany are tied for the first place. Because in 1919, when in Soviet Russia they celebrated the first official May Day, revolutionary Germany also decreed it a public holiday. However, the subsequent social democratic governments abandoned it. German workers, if they wanted to celebrate their international feast, had to take an unpaid leave day, at least where it was granted, because in many places they explicitly prevented the celebration of May Day.

Munich, 1st May 1931

This is why it was a brilliant move on behalf of propaganda minister Goebbels, when, immediately after the Nazi takeover, he proposed to Hitler to satisfy the demand, refused since 1889, of the international workers’ movement, and declare May Day an official national holiday. It is just natural from a national socialist workers’ party. After all, work makes you free.

Berlin, 1 May 1933 in front of the ministries

For the national socialist regimes, which were consolidating from the 1920s onwards, writes Michael Maurer in his Festkulturen im Vergleich (2010),  a fundamental question was what to do with the first of May. After all, their basis of legitimacy was the reference to the working class, but after the establishment of their dictatorship they could not let pass such an important symbolic space to the uncontrolled actions of the workers. This is why Mussolini’s socialism declared 21 April, the birthday of Rome, the chief national holiday, at the same time banning the celebration of 1 May. As a result, May Day became the most important secret, and later public feast of the Italian workers. Nazi Germany, however, took into its own hands the organization of the May Day celebrations, thus monopolizing from its rivals – such as the Communist party, banned just a month earlier – the representation of the working class.


The law passed on 10 April 1933 declared May Day the feast of national work, and Goebbels immediately began to get the leaders of German trade unions into convoking enough workers for the May Day of 1933, just like János Kádár did on 1 May 1957, after the suppression of the Hungarian revolution. And not without results. The leaders of the ADGB, the general federation of German trade unions, who wanted to survive in the new system, started to organize with all their might the participation of the trade unions in the parade, and they declared in the preamble of their decision adopted on 28 April:

“The national revolution has created a new state. This state vigorously embraces and puts forward the strength of all the German people. Due to this will of the people’s unity and power, it does not recognize either class differentiation, or internationalism, which is alien to the people. This situation recalls the whole German people, everyone according to his/her state, to consolidate his/her unity with the new government.”

True, the radical wing of the working class had called upon a general strike since the Nazi takeover, but the ADGB refused it by saying that “a general strike is a terrible weapon, which can be set free and responsibility can be taken for it only when nothing else can be done in the life-or-death issue of the working class.”

Thus, on 19 April 1933 the general federation of German trade unions still saw so many chances in the life-or-death issues of the working class, that on 19 April they invited all their members to “the festive participation – in full awareness and respect of the Thought of May, of creative work, and of the integration of the working class into the state – in the festivities initiated in every settlement by the government.”


And the result did not fail. To the call issued by the trade unions’ federation, 200 thousand workers gathered on 1 May in the central place of the celebrations, Tempelhof airport in Berlin – which later did become a life-or-death issue for the West Berlin airlift, and nowadays for the Left in Berlin – to listen to the first public radio speech of Hitler, to view a demonstration of modern Zeppelins, and, once they were there, to eat sausage and drink beer, too.

The first free 1st of May in Berlin, 1933. Source

“If we succeed, we will have won an unparalleled victory!” wrote Goebbels in his diary on 30 April. In the previous three weeks the propaganda minister had been incessantly preoccupied with the great attraction planned for 1 May. “Grandiose!” “Masterpiece!” “A unique mass action!” he recorded, among others, in ponderating the expected results. On the night of 1 May, returning from the event, he wrote: “Stunning! Absolutely incomprehensible, even in its sizes! Life is so beautiful!”

The stunning beauty of life was also enhanced by a supremely talented artist. A young architect, Albert Speer, who joined the Nazi party in 1931 under the impact of a suggestive speech by Hitler, and who was recommended to the attention of Goebbels by the party leader of Berlin’s West End, criticized the conventional stage design by the Berlin city administration. “It looks like the decoration of some shooters’ society”, he said. “Well, if you can do better, go ahead”, replied Goebbels. And Speer was not reluctant. In one night he outlined a magnificent stage plan, whose central element, the incredibly stretched flags with swastika towering above the three-part stage, will feature in many of his later plans, including the Paris world exposition of 1937, already presented in detail. Hitler was enthusiastic with the plans.


1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai1mai


On 30 April – the Nazi Walpurgisnacht, the night of witches – Goebbels noted in his diary: “May Day will be fantastic. And on 2 May we will go ahead to the trade unions. Gleichschaltung. They will cry for a couple of days, then they will be ours again.” During the celebrations, the NSDAP started to organize the next step in total secrecy. On the 1st of May the following message arrived to each Gauleiter of the empire: “On 2 May 1933, Tuesday, at 10 a.m. Gleichschalten-action against all trade unions.”

The Tempelhof airport on the morning after the mass event

On 1 May, at about 11 p.m., more or less when I am writing this, Hitler and Goebbels met once more, and enthusiastically discussed the events of the day. The next morning, at ten o’clock, when they were still asleep, the SA invaded all the trade union centers, appropriated the workers’ funds, and arrested all the trade union leaders, including all the leaders who approved the decisions of the previous month. They were deported to Dachau. None of them survived to the end of the war.

Back in the U.S.S.R.

$
0
0

Yesterday, when I published the two remembrances of May Day, I could not yet know how much they would pave the way to this third one, inspired by late night news and blog posts from Russia. The traditional Soviet May Day, whose choreography was determined as a tribute to the people’s leaders and the condemnation of the imperialists, and the Nazi May Day of 1933, which was officially summoned by the federation of trade unions, but with apparent spontaneity and impressive dimensions, served to legitimize the regime, together offer the framework for interpretation of the May Day rally that was organized yesterday in Moscow, with almost a hundred thousand participants.

“The Soviet Union fights!”

May Day, the greatest feast of the Soviet Union, along with the military parades on the days of the Revolution and of the Victory, virtually ceased in Moscow since 1990. Some trade unions and old Communists organized picnics or small rallies here and there in the city, but a mass event of this size, especially one which marches through Red Square, like in the good old days, has not taken place since the fall of Communism, and the residents of Moscow have not even dreamed about it. That is, until it recently came to the federation of trade unions’ mind to organize this demonstration. It is wonderful how in such a short time they could do everything so strikingly well, obtain the legal permits, print propaganda matter, and of course organize seventy to a hundred thousand participants. But well, recently, on the occasion of the lightning-speed accession of the Crimea to Russia we have already seen how quickly such things can go when the Russian people support a case uniformly, giving heart and soul into it.

“We believe in Putin!”

may20141may20141may20141may20141may20141may20141may20141may20141may20141may20141may20141may20141may20141

A seven-year old girl holds a red star-shaped balloon. Her mother proudly says to Novaya Gazeta:“I always wanted my kids experience this feeling I had in my childhood. After all, this was the greatest feast. This joy, this community, that we are all together, we are all Soviet people… And what I am seeing now, this is so, so much like it was…” And listening to the songs and the loudspeakers, and watching the marchers and their banners, it really looks as if the Soviet Union had been resuscitated, which in fact is not far from Putin’s intention. The event, officially organized by the federation of trade unions in honor of the working class is dominated by inscriptions glorifying former and present leaders – aside from Putin, Stalin, too, and even Beria –, praising the governing United Russia party, backing official policy, rejoicing at the recuperation of the Crimea, threatening the USA, NATO and Ukraine, as well as a large mass of the orange-black St. George ribbons, the symbols of victory.




“The failure of Darwin’s theory! A large-eared black monkey wants to rule the world!”


How sharply the Russians are divided by the political situation is indicated by the 1204 comments in one single day posted in response to the pictures by photo blogger Georgy Malets. Independent polls show that 80% of the country agrees with Putin’s policies, and 73% feel happy, but on the internet the ratio between the pro- and anti-Putin camp is more balanced. The comments start with much mutual cursing, which draws from the dark side of the Russian language by way of a language textbook, and which is definitely not usual in Russian blogs. The people supporting with poker-face the President, proclaim the independence of the demonstration – “it was nice weather, so people came out for a walk”, “they support the leadership which finally serves the interests of the people” – while the opposition claims to know that people were sternly warned in their workplaces of the importance of participation in the rally, and point out the hypocrisy and political character of such an event, organized from above, and taken straight from the Soviet playbook. “More and more I think”, writes one of them, “that demonstration comes from demon and srat’ (to shit).”


may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142may20142


Finally, the parade was made more colorful by a number of nationalist groups, who, in the Soviet Union, would not have been allowed to go out on the street, let alone be near the parade. But, as we well know, when it is about the demonstration of unity and solidarity, all patriots are welcome.

“Faith, race, tradition!”

may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143may20143


One more May Day

$
0
0

Now that I have written about three Day Mays in a row, I must also add a fourth, photographed the day before yesterday in London by Rustem Adagamov.



Judging by the score, the brass band plays R. B. Hall’s popular Death or Glory march (1895)

The previous posts about the Soviet, the Nazi and the Putinist May Day well outline the frames of interpretation of the pictures and of the event. In the socialist and corporative societies, as well as in those in perfect national unity, the working class has already reached every goal. Thus they do not come under the leadership of their trade unions to the May Day rally to demand their rights, but rather to express their joy before the state leaders who ensure those rights. And the momentum of their former protest against their class oppressors now turns against the imperialists of other nations.

In the backward capitalist societies, however, the trade unions, as ever since 1889, march on May Day for more wages, better working conditions, and to demonstrate their own lobbying weight. Therefore the images of Lenin, Stalin and Mao carried by them, though exactly the same as those carried in Moscow, represent completely different persons. Not the mass murderers well known from history, but merely the personifications of the antithesis of the existing system. Or so I hope.

The Communist parties of Iran, Turkey and the Kurds, illegal at home, also rally in London, of course strictly separately

london1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1maylondon1may

The dog is patiently waiting until its master listens to all the speeches

Los Yankis y los Rojos se unen

$
0
0
Hace casi un año anoté unas vagas disculpas sobre por qué no escribo más. Dije entonces que con demasiada frecuencia, mientras recojo materiales para la siguiente historia, me asaltan de improviso historias paralelas. Y siguiendo cada nuevo hilo surge más información, y más imágenes y documentos que conducen a nuevas pesquisas. Al final me pasa como a Aquiles en la paradoja de Zenón, nunca llego al final del viaje. Pues bien, he aquí una de esas historias laterales, surgida de la contemplación de una foto de guerra encontrada cuando quería contar la historia de unas cartas de soldados enviadas en 1941 y que nunca llegaron a casa

¿Quién sale en la foto?

Encontré la foto hará unos dos años, en un archivo fotográfico alemán, buscando simplemente por «Aserbaidschan», es decir, «Azerbaiyán». La foto es del autor de muchas otras que se han convertido en iconos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial: Yevgueni Jaldéi(1917-1997). Cuenta con un breve título: «Berlín». La fecha apuntada es julio de 1945: el momento en que se permitió a las tropas estadounidenses, británicas y francesas entrar en algunos sectores convenidos de Berlín ocupados por el ejército soviético.

“Berlin” by Yevgeny Khaldei. Source: Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz‎  Inventar-Nr.: 1191«Berlín» de Yevgueni Jaldéi. Fuente: Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz‎ Inventar-Nr.: 1191

Observando con atención los uniformes se hace evidente que la imagen está en espejo respecto de la original. La descripción dice: «Zwei Soldaten, ein amerikanischer und ein russischer aus Aserbaidschan» (Dos soldados, uno estadounidense y otro ruso de Azerbaiyán). No se revelan sus nombres, por lo que es difícil saber si «ruso» debe entenderse como «soviético».

Pero en Internet encontramos la misma foto con dos pies diferentes que ofrecen los nombres exactos de los soldados.

El soldado soviético se llama Ivan Numladze, un apellido georgiano. La base de datos on-line de documentación sobre premios de la Gran Guerra Patriótica y de batallas del ministerio de defensa ruso no da ningún resultado al buscar por este apellido. No debe extrañarnos puesto que esta base de datos aún está incompleta. Sin embargo, en la sección de «pérdidas irrecuperables» del mismo ministerio nuestra búsqueda da con un Grigoriy Numladze, liberado de su cautiverio en Rumania en octubre de 1944.

La confusión empieza con el nombre del soldado estadounidense, llamado de dos maneras: Buck Kotzebue y Byron Shiver. Pero en ambos casos la fecha y el lugar son los mismos: abril de 1945 en algún punto cerca de Torgau, Alemania, donde el Primer Ejército Estadounidense y el Quinto Ejército de Guardias Soviético se reunieron en el río Elba.

The map produced by Americans for the Elbe River linkup ceremony. Source: The Fighting 69th Infantry Division Website.Mapa realizado por los americanos para ceremonia del Encuentro en el río Elba.
Fuente: The Fighting 69th Infantry Division Website.

El teniente primero Albert L. «Buck» Kotzebue, de la Compañía G del 273º Regimiento de Infantería, comandaba una de las tres patrullas estadounidenses que trabaron contacto con las tropas soviéticas el 25 de abril de 1945. Este mapa muestra aproximadamente el lugar y la hora en que la segunda patrulla dirigida por el teniente segundo William D. Robertson, del mismo regimiento, se encontró con la patrulla soviética encabezada por el teniente Alexander Silvashko (1922-2010), de la 58ª División de Guardias en un puente destrozado sobre el río Elba, en Torgau. Por pura casualidad, en aquel momento preciso esta reunión se convirtió en el encuentro «oficial» para Occidente, y la foto de estos dos oficiales tomada por un fotógrafo estadounidense pasó a ser el símbolo de la Alianza del Elba. La misma imagen fue elegida para la portada de un libro publicado simultáneamente en 1988 en EE.UU. y la URSS con diferente título. Yanks meet Reds, en inglés, y Встреча на Эльбе (Reunión en el Elba), en ruso, contiene los recuerdos de los veteranos de ambos lados del Elba. También hubo una tercera patrulla dirigida por el mayor Fred W. Craig, que fue enviada a averiguar qué había pasado con la patrulla de Kotzebue, que había partido un día antes.

Cubierta del libro “Yanks meet Reds: recollections of U.S. and Soviet vets from the linkup in World War II”. Capra Press, Agosto de 1988. Fuente: ebay.comCubierta del libro Yanks meet Reds: recollections of U.S. and Soviet vets from the linkup in World War II, Capra Press, Agosto de 1988. Fuente: ebay.com

Así, una investigación posterior demostró que el primer contacto lo realizó, de hecho, la patrulla de Kotzebue. En su avance desde Kühren a Strehla, alrededor de las 11:30 se cruzaron con un soldado de caballería «ruso» en el patio de una granja en Leckwitz. Era en realidad un hombre de etnia kazaja, el soldado Aytkali Alibekov reclutado en 1943 en el distrito ruso de Tashtagol. La patrulla obtuvo de él algunas direcciones y también el consejo de que tomaran como guía a un prisionero de guerra polaco liberado. El encuentro principal se produjo alguna hora más tarde con la compañía soviética que estaba bajo el mando del teniente Grigori Goloborodko del 175º Regimiento de Fusileros.

Map of the three Elbe Day link ups. Source: The Fighting 69th Infantry Division WebsiteMapa de los tres encuentros del Día del Elba. Fuente: The Fighting 69th Infantry Division Website.

Al parecer no quedaron pruebas fotográficas públicas de esta primera reunión. Pero el artista del Ejército de EE.UU.Olin Dows (1904-1981), que más tarde fue testigo de la reunión de las fuerzas aliadas, representó el momento en un cuadro añadiendo esta descripción no muy exacta del acontecimiento:

«A las 11:45 de la mañana del 25 de abril de 1945, desde la orilla de Strehla del río Elba, el teniente Kotzebue dispara dos bengalas, una roja y otra verde, con una escopeta como señal de identificación a los rusos que están en la orilla opuesta. Abajo se ve la barca que él con cinco hombres de su patrulla usaron para llegar a la parte rusa. Al fondo está el pontón alemán a la deriva, con las amarras rotas por el fuego de artillería, y el convoy mixto militar y civil alemán que trataba de cruzar el Elba cuando está siendo batido por los tanques rusos».

“Signal to the Russians” by Olin Dows. Source: U.S. Army Center of Military History«Señal para los rusos», de Olin Dows. Fuente: U.S. Army Center of Military History

Volviendo a la foto inicial de los soldados, aparentemente el americano representado allí no es Kotzebue. En primer lugar, porque no es teniente, aparte de que en las otras raras fotos que se han conservado Kotzebue tiene un aspecto muy diferente, con sus prismáticos, vestido con chaqueta y fumando en pipa.

Así que el joven soldado americano de brillante sonrisa es Byron Shiver, natural de Florida, de la misma compañía, que formó parte de la patrulla de Kotzebue. Aparece en algunas otras fotos tomadas durante encuentros posteriores del día después.

Parece que la causa de esta confusión es el pie de foto aparecido en la edición del 29 de abril de 1945 del periódico oficial del Comisariado del Pueblo para la Defensa de la URSS –Красная Звезда(Krasnaya Zvezda / Estrella Roja). La foto inferior, en página 3, muestra obviamente la misma escena con ambos soldados desde una perspectiva diferente. La leyenda dice: «EL ENCUENTRO DE LAS TROPAS DEL Ier FRENTE UCRANIANO CON LAS FUERZAS ANGLO-AMERICANAS». Y en la imagen superior: oficiales soviéticos y estadounidenses charlando. Abajo leemos: «El guardia del Ejército Rojo Ivan Numladze, nativo de la soleada Georgia, y el soldado americano Buck Kotzebue, nativo de la soleada Texas. Fotos de nuestro reportero enviado especial, el capitán G. Khomzor».

“Krasnaya Zvezda”. 29 April 1945, Sunday. No.101 (6089). Source: Archive of “Krasnaya Zvezda” newspaper, 1941-1945Krasnaya Zvezda. 29 de abril de 1945, Domingo. No.101 (6089).
Fuente: Archivo del diario Krasnaya Zvezda, 1941-1945

De hecho, el teniente Kotzebue era oriundo de Houston, Texas. Un dato interesante es que él creía que sus antepasados ​​eran leales súbditos del Imperio Ruso, de origen báltico-germano. Un capitán Otto von Kotzebue (1787-1846) se hizo famoso por sus exploraciones de Alaska –hay una ciudad y un apellido familiar allí con este nombre. Tal vez, el nombre Kotzebue fue elegido para este pie de foto después de haber imaginado el cliché de la 'soleada Texas’, y Numladze bien puede ser un acto de pleitesía al camarada Stalin, «nativo de la soleada Georgia».

Eso no sería extraño –durante largo tiempo la versión oficial soviética atribuyó al sargento georgiano Meliton Kantaria y al sargento ruso Mikhail Yegorov el mérito de haber izado la primera bandera soviética sobre el Reichstag. En realidad, otra bandera roja ya había sido izada con bastante antelación en la noche del 30 de abril por un pequeño grupo de voluntarios que incluía al sargento Mikhail Minin, los sargentos mayores Gazi Zagitov, Alexandr Lisimenko y el sargento Alexei Bobrov. Los documentos dicen que fueron recomendados para la condecoración de Héroes de la Unión Soviética, pero finalmente obtuvieron la inferior Orden de la Bandera Roja.

looks like a scanned image from some book. Source: Picasa  page by Ivanov Sergey.Parece una imagen escaneada de un libro. Fuente: Picasa de Ivanov Sergey.

En Poemas del río Wang ya se habló del «Capa soviético», acerca de aquella foto icónica de «La bandera de la victoria sobre el Reichstag» de Jaldéi. Por mucho tiempo se ignoró que la foto en realidad es una escenificación y que la gente que aparece son el soldado Alexei Kovalyov de Ucrania y el sargento Abdulhakim Ismailov de Daguestán. Ahora se sabe que la foto fue retocada para eliminar un «segundo reloj» de la muñeca derecha de Ismailov, ya que esto podría haber provocado preguntas acerca de los saqueos. Por cierto, parece que el soldado soviético de la foto de los «dos soldados» lleva dos anillos en su mano izquierda.

En definitiva, la pregunta seguía abierta: ¿es 'Numladze nativo de la soleada Georgia’ o ‘un soldado de Azerbaiyán'? Así que el 4 de febrero de 2014 finalmente pensé ¿por qué no enviar un correo electrónico y preguntar a la agencia de fotografía?

Estimado Señor / Señora
Ante todo me gustaría darle las gracias por su noble labor de almacenamiento de imágenes históricas y su puesta a disposición pública por medio de sus servicios online. Mi solicitud se refiere a una famosa foto de 1945 que también obra en sus archivos:
El título en alemán dice: «Dos soldados, uno estadounidense y otro ruso de Azerbaiyán». Fotógrafo: Jewgeni Chaldej / Zwei Soldaten, ein und ein Amerikanischer russischer aus Aserbaidschan. / Aufnahmedatum : Juli 1945 / Aufnahmeort : Berlin / Inventar -Nr:. 1191. Me pregunto si en su equipo podrían aclararme cuál fue el origen de esta leyenda.
La razón de esta solicitud es que otras fuentes dan epígrafes distintos. Por ejemplo, http://victory.rusarchives.ru/index.php?p=31&photo_id=389 dice: «El soldado del Ejército estadounidense Buck L. Kotzebue y el soldado del Ejército Rojo Ivan Numladze en el momento del encuentro en el Elba. - Солдат американской армии Бак Л. Кацебу и красноармеец Иван Нумладзе в момент встречи на Эльбе». De hecho, este título es inexacto, al menos en lo que respecta al soldado estadounidense, ya que se trata del soldado Byron Shiver del 273º regimiento de infantería del Ejército de EE.UU.
Cualquier información adicional sobre este asunto será muy apreciada. Espero con interés tener pronto noticias suyas.
Muchas gracias, Araz

Recibí una breve respuesta al día siguiente:

Muy señor mío:
Gracias por su mensaje. bpk distribuye las imágenes digitales de Chaldej en nombre de la agencia Voller Ernst: http://ernstvolland.de/en
Supongo que el texto es la leyenda original del fotógrafo. No tenemos más información sobre los soldados retratados.
Saludos cordiales, Jan Böttger

Un hombre con una cámara

Ulteriores pesquisas revelaron que mi pregunta podría no ser la correcta. Parece que los contactos iniciados por la patrulla de Robertson eran cubiertos únicamente por fotorreporteros estadounidenses, mientras que los fotógrafos soviéticos registraban principalmente los encuentros en el lado este. ¿Quiénes eran estos fotorreporteros, estaba Jaldéi entre ellos?

A Soviet and an American soldier at one of the streets of Torgau. Source: RIA NovostiA Soviet and an American soldier at one of the streets of Torgau. Source: RIA Novosti

Uno era, obviamente, el fotógrafo enviado especial del Krasnaya Zvezda, capitán Georgiy Khomzor (1914-1990 ). La foto de «los dos soldados» fue, muy probablemente, tomada por él ya que otra foto muy similar anterior también se le atribuye. Es extraño, sin embargo, que la foto de Khomzor publicada en Krasnaya Zvezda con la leyenda que menciona a Kotzebue y a Numladze fuera tomada desde un ángulo totalmente diferente.

En realidad su apellido es Khomutov, pero durante su primera carrera como retocador firmaba sus obras como «Хом. 30 р.», que significa «Khom(utov). (Precio: )30 r(ublos)». Cosa parecida a «ХомЗОр», es decir, «Khomzor», así que el pseudónimo se le quedó puesto. Esta fotoreportero de guerra ganó rápidamente gran popularidad durante el conflicto. El editor ejecutivo de Krasnaya Zvezda, David Ortenberg, recuerda que cuando en mayo de 1945 fue recomendado para ser condecorado con la Orden de la Guerra Patriótica de segunda clase, el comandante del Primer Frente Ucraniano, mariscal Ivan Konev (1897-1973 ), corrigió la lista y lo ascendió al rango superior de la Orden de la Bandera Roja. La sección titulada «breve y concreta descripción de los hechos de armas o méritos personales» del impreso para la condecoración menciona que «En el río Elba fotografió la reunión histórica de las tropas del 1er Frente Ucraniano con el Ejército Estadounidense».

A rare photo showing Lieutenant Kotzebue smoking his pipe by Khomzor. Source: RIA NovostiUna rara foto de Khomzor que muestra al teniente Kotzebue fumando su pipa. Fuente: RIA Novosti

A pesar de esto, hoy no hay ni siquiera una página de Wikipedia dedicada a él, o una foto suya en Internet que nos ayude a averiguar si el hombre con la cámara de la foto inferior es Khomzor. A juzgar por su atuendo no lo es, tampoco está claro si es capitán o teniente. Las insignias del uniforme más bien lo identificarían con el capitán Alexandr Ustinov (1909-1995), fotorreportero del diario Pravda, que para julio de 1944 ya había sido galardonado con la Medalla «Por el valor» y la Orden de la Estrella Roja. Pero a diferencia de este hombre Ustinov tenía una espléndida cabellera y su medalla debería ser de la antigua versión de 1939-1943, con montura pequeña.

A man with a camera on one of the photos presented to the veterans by photo-reporter Ustinov. Shiver’s smiley face is visible behind. Source: Yandex photo album by user kleck1127Un hombre con una cámara en una de las fotos presentadas a los veteranos por el reportero fotográfico Ustinov. El rostro sonriente de Shiver se ve al fondo. Fuente: álbum de fotos de Yandex, por el usuario kleck.

A photo of the same scene, taken by American Private Igor Belousovitch who was in Major Craig’s patrol (Craig is the leftmost American – they all put helmets on), shows most probably Ustinov working. Source: The Moscow TimesUna foto de la misma escena, tomada por el soldado americano Igor Belousovitch, miembro de la patrulla del mayor Craig (Craig es el americano más a la izquierda – todos con el casco puesto) nos muestra muy probablemente a Ustinov trabajando. Fuente: The Moscow Times.

Esta foto estaba en el álbum que Ustinov presentó a los veteranos incluyendo a Silvashko, que después de la guerra fue director de una escuela de pueblo y profesor de historia en el distrito bielorruso de Kletsk. Silvashko más tarde la donó al museo de la ciudad de Kletsk y las imágenes escaneadas apareceron en Internet.

Kotzebue en sus recuerdos menciona que uno de los primeros tres «rusos» con que se encontraron en el río Elba era un fotógrafo con rango de capitán, que tomó las fotos. Debe ser Khomzor, pues Ustinov escribe en sus memorias С «лейкой» и блокнотом (con una Leica y un cuaderno) que llegó al río Elba cruzándolo solo el 26 de abril. También menciona que «Más tarde, un nutrido grupo de periodistas norteamericanos, camarógrafos y colegas míos fotorreporteros llegó hasta nosotros. Entre los periodistas soviéticos estaban Konstantin Simonov, Sergey Krushinski de Komsomolka y GeorgiyKhomzor, fotorreportero del Krasnaya Zvezda». Curiosamente, muchas fuentes, entre ellas la hija de Ustinov, afirman que Ustinov fue «el único fotógrafo soviético testigo de la reunión en el Elba».

Por cierto, el título del libro «Con una Leica y un cuaderno» está tomado de una popular «Canción de los reporteros de guerra», escrita por Konstantin Simonov (1915-1979) y musicada por Matvey Blanter(1903-1990), el autor de la famosa «Katyusha». Simonov lo escribió en 1943 como «canción de taberna de los Reporteros», y algunas palabras fueron censuradas en la popular versión oficial.

От Москвы до Бреста
Нет такого места,
Где бы ни скитались мы в пыли,
С “лейкой” и с блокнотом,
А то и с пулеметом
Сквозь огонь и стужу мы прошли.
Desde Moscú hasta Brest
no hay lugar donde no hayamos
vagado por el polvo.
Con una «Leica» y un cuaderno,
y a veces con un fusil
atravesamos el fuego y la helada.
(Жив ты или помер –
Главное, чтоб в номер
Материал успел ты передать.
И чтоб, между прочим,
Был фитиль всем прочим,
А на остальное - наплевать!)
(Vivos o muertos,
lo principal es: para esta entrega
han de llegar a tiempo los materiales.
Por cierto, que sean
la envidia de los otros,
¡y que todo los demás nos importe un comino!)
Без глотка, товарищ,
(Без ста грамм, товарищ,)
Песню не заваришь,
Так давай за дружеским столом
(Так давай по маленькой хлебнем!)
Выпьем за писавших,
Выпьем за снимавших,
Выпьем за шагавших под огнем.
Sin un ochavo, camarada
(sin media pinta/100 gramos, camarada)
una canción querría cantar
sentados a una amistosa mesa
(¡vamos, traguemos sorbo a sorbo!)
Un trago para los que escriben,
un trago para los que filman
un trago para los que marchan bajo el fuego.
Есть, чтоб выпить, повод -
За военный провод,
За У-2, за “эмку”, за успех...
Как пешком шагали,
Как плечом толкали,
Как мы поспевали раньше всех.
Para beber tenemos un motivo
para una despedida militar,
para U-2, para el «M’ka», para el éxito…
Con qué marcha avanzábamos
empujando con los hombros
y cómo llegamos puntuales delante de todos.
От ветров и стужи
(От ветров и водки)
Петь мы стали хуже,
(Хрипли наши глотки,)
Но мы скажем тем, кто упрекнет:
– С наше покочуйте,
С наше поночуйте,
С наше повоюйте хоть бы год.
Con los vientos y la helada
(Con los vientos y el vodka)
nuestro canto empeora,
(nuestras gargantas quedan roncas)
pero diremos a quienes nos culpen:
anda tanto como nosotros,
toda la noche, como nosotros,
pelea tanto como nosotros en un año.
Там, где мы бывали,
Нам танков не давали,
Но мы не терялись никогда.
(Репортер погибнет – не беда.)
Но на “эмке” драной
И с одним наганом
Мы первыми въезжали в города.
Allí, donde hemos estado,
no hemos vencido a los tanques,
pero nunca perdimos el valor.
(Si muriera un reportero, qué más da).
Con una estropeada M’ka
y con un revólver, éramos
los que entrábamos antes en las ciudades.
(Помянуть нам впору
Мертвых репортеров.
Стал могилой Киев им и Крым.
Хоть они порою
Были и герои,
Не поставят памятника им.)
(Tenemos que recordar ahora
también a los reporteros caídos.
Kiev y Crimea son sus tumbas.
Aunque a veces fueron,
fueron a veces héroes
no les alzarán un monumento)
Так выпьем за победу,
За свою газету,
А не доживем, мой дорогой,
Кто-нибудь услышит,
Снимет и напишет,
Кто-нибудь помянет нас с тобой.
¡Bebamos pues por la victoria,
y por nuestro periódico,
y si no vivimos para verlo, querida,
luego alguien oirá,
alguien después filmará y escribirá,
alguien nos recordará contigo!

Photos of the similar scenes credited to Khomzor (left) and to Ustinov (right) differ by slight changes of the shooting angle. Were they working simultaneously or perhaps they shared photos for publications?Las fotos de escenas similares atribuidas a Khomzor (izquierda) y a Ustinov (derecha) difieren en pequeños cambios del ángulo de enfoque. ¿Trabajaron simultáneamente o puede que compartieran las fotos para las publicaciones?

En resumen, la foto de «los dos soldados» casi seguro que no fue tomada por Jaldéi. Pero bien puede ser que tomara otra foto de «dos soldados, uno estadounidense y otro ruso de Azerbaiyán» en Berlín. El artículo de Spiegel citado en «El Capa soviético» menciona la exposición «Yevgueni Jaldéi– El momento decisivo. Una retrospectiva» del Martin Gropius Bau de Berlín (abierta de 9 de mayo a 28 julio de 2008). Una vieja entrada del blog de uno de los visitantes de la exposición mencionaba este pie de foto, pero por desgracia los enlaces de la imagen no funcionan, por lo que no podemos hacer nuestra propia comprobación visual.

Nuestra esperanza es que los lectores bien informados nos ayuden con datos adicionales para las preguntas que aún permanecen abiertas.

Podría haber cerrado aquí la historia, pero al leer más artículos y libros sobre la famosa reunión en el Elba, me topé con un relato que no había oído antes.

El Juramento del Elba

El histórico encuentro fue conocido ampliamente por los ciudadanos de la URSS y la expresión «Встреча на Эльбе», es decir, «Reunión en el Elba» se convirtió en un dicho de la cultura popular soviética. Pero dudo que fueran muchos quienes tuvieron noticia del Juramento del Elba y del pequeño grupo de veteranos que continuaron siendo fieles a la memoria de su primer encuentro durante los largos años de desconfianza de la Guerra Fría.

1945.04.28-KPravda-p1-2
Photos by Ustinov in “Komsomolskaya Pravda”. 28 April 1945, Saturday. No.100 (6120). Source: Archive of “Komsomolskaya Pravda” newspaper, 1941-1945Fotos de Ustinov en el Komsomolskaya Pravda, sábado 28 de abril de 1945. Nº 100 (6120).
Fuente: Archivo del diario Komsomolskaya Pravda, 1941-1945.

El mencionado libro Reunión en el Elba, recogió relatos en su mayoría de primera mano, a veces un poco contradictorios, del encuentro del 25 de abril de 1945. Kotzebue da detalles dramáticos de su primer encuentro en el Elba. Vieron gente deambulando entre los restos de la columna de coches destruida al otro lado del río, junto al pontón que había sido medio volado. Por el brillo de las insignias bajo la luz del sol Kotzebue supuso que eran soviéticos. A una orden suya, el soldado Ed Ruff lanzó dos bengalas verdes como señal de identificación acordada. Su guía polaco, que se les había unido en Leckwitz, gritó «americanos». Los «rusos» se acercaron y gritaron a su vez desde la otra orilla. Esto significaba mucho para un soldado corriente: los hombres que estaban delante ellos ya no eran más los enemigos, la guerra había terminado.

Pero los seis alegres americanos y su guía polaco fueron testigos de una escena terrible en el lado este: para llegar a los soviéticos que descendían tuvieron que pasar entre montones de cuerpos carbonizados de refugiados alemanes, al parecer murieron cuando el puente fue destruido. «De repente me di cuenta de que en nuestra alegría nos habíamos parado en medio de un mar de cadáveres», recuerda el soldado americano Joe Polowsky. La mayoría de muertos eran civiles –ancianos, mujeres y niños–. Polowsky recuerda que Kotezbue le pidió que tradujera «Que este día sea el día de la memoria de las víctimas inocentes». Esta es la forma que tomó el Juramento del Elba: la promesa de hacer todo lo posible para impedir que algo así volviera a suceder. Y, de manera muy simbólica, los aliados se comunicaban entre ellos en la lengua de su enemigo, el alemán.

La terrible escena de los refugiados muertos en el fondo podría ser la razón por la que las fotos tomadas en esta primera reunión por el fotógrafo de guerra presente, aparentemente Khomzor, no fueran hechas públicas. Otra razón puede ser que Kotzebue más tarde continuó su carrera en el ejército de EE.UU. Peleó en Corea y en Vietnam, guerras, en el fondo, contra los soviéticos, y se retiró como teniente coronel en 1967.

Parece que ninguna de las fotos de los periódicos soviéticos fue tomada el 25 de abril, más bien durante los días 26-27, cuando prosiguieron las reuniones oficiales entre los aliados. Hubo también muchas otras reuniones no oficiales –los soldados de ambos países, de ideologías tan hostiles, se reunían de manera espontánea y confraternizaron durante varios días.

American Lieutenant Dwight Brooks (center, in helmet) smiles as he and other members of the 69th Infantry Division pose with Soviet officers from the 58th Guards Division in the German town of Torgau, Germany, late April, 1945. Photo by PhotoQuest/Getty Images. Source: waralbum.ruEl teniente americano Dwight Brooks (centro, con casco) sonríe mientras posa, junto con otros miembros de la 69º División de Infantería, con oficiales soviéticos de la 58ª División de Guardias en la ciudad alemana de Torgau, a fines de abril de 1945. Foto de PhotoQuest/Getty Images. Fuente: waralbum.ru.

The same group of Americans with Major Anfim Larionov, ‘zampolit’ i.e. deputy commander for political affairs of Silvashko’s 175th Guards Rifle Regiment. Source: waralbum.ruEl mismo grupo de americanos con el mayor Anfim Larionov, ‘zampolit’, es decir, comandante adjunto para asuntos políticos del 175º Regimiento de Fusileros de la Guardia de Silvashko. Fuente: waralbum.ru

Again, the same group of Americans with possibly Captain Vasiliy Neda , commander of Silvashko’s battalion. Source: waralbum.ruOtra foto del mismo grupo de americanos posiblemente con el capitán Vasily Neda, comandante del batallón de Silvashko. Fuente: waralbum.ru

La portada del Komsomolskaya Pravda del 28 de abril reproducida arriba muestra cartas oficiales de felicitación de los líderes de las tres naciones aliadas, Stalin, ChurchillTruman. Precediéndolas, va a la orden del comandante en jefe supremo, Stalin, de disparar un saludo de 24 salvas con 324 cañones el 27 de abril de 1945 como homenaje a los participantes en el histórico evento –el 1er Frente Ucraniano y las Tropas Anglo-Estadounidenses.

Pero, de hecho, tanto la patrulla de Kotzebue como la de Robertson se reunieron con las tropas soviéticas a pesar de la orden de no alejarse de un perímetro de 5 millas desde sus posiciones en el río Mulde. Lo que los salvó de verse ante un tribunal es que el comandante del primer ejército americano, el General Hodges tuvo una actitud muy positiva cuando oyó la noticia y felicitó a sus generales. Tanto el mayor Larionov como el capitán Neda, que junto con el teniente Silvashko y el sargento Andreyev acompañaron a la patrulla de Robertson al acuartelamiento del 273º regimiento de infantería luego el 25 de abril, fueron poco después expulsados ​​del Partido Comunista y del ejército soviético. Muchos participantes del encuentro recordarían que, pasados unos pocos días, las tropas soviéticas que entraron en contacto con los estadounidenses fueron enviadas de vuelta.

Los miembros de la patrulla de Kotzebue incluido Shiver aparecen en muchas fotos del álbum de Ustinov. Es fácil distinguir a los estadounidenses, llevan todos cascos de acero, no así los soviéticos. Pero éstos lucen todas sus insignias. Curiosamente, las tropas soviéticas que podían estar en la línea de contacto recibieron la orden especial de tener el equipamiento ordenado y de que al verse con los estadounidenses actuaran amistosamente pero de manera reservada.


A juzgar por la numeración, estas fotos debieron ser tomadas el 26 de abril en la orilla este del río Elba, en algún momento alrededor de la reunión oficial entre el comandante de la 69ª División de Infantería estadounidense, mayor general Emil F. Reinhardt y el comandante de la 58ª División de Guardias soviética, mayor general Vladimir Vasilyevich Rusakov. Por cierto, los documentos muestran que a fines de mayo a Rusakovle otorgaron la más alta condecoración de la Unión Soviética, la Orden de Lenin. Pero el único dato que pude encontrar acerca de su suerte posterior es que falleció en 1951 a la edad de 42 años.

Así que la escena en el transbordador es probablemente una «recreación» del encuentro, que tuvo lugar el 25 de abril, una hora después de la reunión primera en el pontón de barcazas.

Americans on the raft (from left to right) are Bob Haag, Ed Ruff, Carl Robinson and Byron Shiver. This photo appeared in the “Komsomolskaya Pravda” issue shown above.Los americanos en el transbordador (de izquierda a derecha) son Bob Haag, Ed Ruff,Carl Robinson y Byron Shiver. Esta foto apareció en el número del Komsomolskaya Pravda reproducido arriba.


Nurse Lyubov Kozinchenko gives flowers to paramedic Carl Robinson. Leftmost is the commander of the 6th Rifle Company Lieutenant Goloborodko, rightmost is the chief of the division artillery headquarters Major Anatoliy Ivanov and next to him is the commander of the 175th Guards Rifle Regiment Lieutenant Colonel Aleksandr Gordeyev.La enfermera Lyubov Kozinchenko da flores al sanitario Carl Robinson. En el extremo izquierdo el comandante de la 6ª Compañía de Fusileros, teniente Goloborodko. A la derecha está el jefe de los cuarteles de la División de Artillería, mayor Anatoly Ivanov y a su lado el comandante del 175º Regimiento de Fusileros, teniente coronel Aleksandr Gordeyev.

1945.04-1681-0_11bb6_312552b8_orig1945.04-1682-0_11bb7_94f75229_orig

1945.04-1683-0_11bb8_486cca21_orig
1945.04-1684-0_11bbc_4e91f931_orig
La foto de arriba muestra también a uno de nuestros héroes, «Numladze» –de pie, más a la derecha, con el aspecto exacto de la foto de «los dos soldados». Pero el héroe de la historia sobre el Juramento del Elba es el americano de pie sobre el jeep, el soldado Polowsky, nativo de Chicago.

La explosión de retórica amistosa y positiva entre las potencias occidentales y los soviéticos se desvaneció rápidamente. A los pocos años el estudio de cine Mosfilm ya estaba rodando la película de propaganda Encuentro en el Elba, que retrataba a los estadounidenses como ocupantes capitalistas de Alemania, en contraste con las humanistas tropas soviéticas. Los aliados victoriosos se convirtieron rápidamente en insidiosos enemigos durante las décadas de la Guerra Fría.

Pero parece que en todos estos años Polowsky tenía presente la imagen inquietante de los niños muertos como recordatorio del Juramento del Elba: no dejar que esto vuelva a suceder. De regreso a casa organizó reuniones de la pequeña asociación de Veteranos Americanos del Elba / Veteranos por la Paz, intentando mantenerse en contacto con aquellos compañeros, incluyendo a algunos de los «rusos» que conoció en el final de la guerra. Polowsky envió peticiones y cartas abiertas a los líderes mundiales instándolos a detener la proliferación de armas nucleares y haciendo una campaña por el reconocimiento del Día del Elba como día de la paz y del recuerdo de todas las víctimas inocentes de la guerra. Parece que tuvo algún éxito en hacer oír su voz, como refleja el acta de la reunión plenaria de la 197ª Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas de fecha 25 de abril de 1949, donde se incluye la siguiente declaración del Presidente de la Asamblea General:

El PRESIDENTE anunció que el siguiente proyecto de resolución ha sido presentado por las delegaciones de Líbano, Filipinas y Costa Rica:
«La Asamblea General,
Recordando que el 25 de abril de 1945, representantes de cincuenta países se reunieron en San Francisco para crear las Naciones Unidas en un espíritu de mutua comprensión y dedicación a la paz;
Recordando que el 25 de abril 1945, los soldados de los ejércitos aliados de Oriente y de Occidente se unieron en el río Elba en un espíritu de victoria y devoción por la paz común;
Recomienda que el 25 de abril y posteriormente cada año en esta fecha, los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas conmemoren con ceremonias el aniversario de ese día importante en la historia del mundo».
La Asamblea no tuvo ocasión de examinar el proyecto de resolución en su tercera sesión, pero el Presidente afirma que deberá informar a las delegaciones sobre la materia.

Una pequeña nota al pie de estas líneas dice: «No se emitió documento oficial». Es evidente por el resto del acta que la Asamblea General quedó pillada por el ‘fuego cruzado’ político entre Occidente y los soviéticos. Más tarde ese año Alemania fue dividida, ya que las zonas de ocupación occidentales se fusionaron bajo la República Federal de Alemania el 23 de mayo y la zona soviética se convirtió en la República Democrática Alemana el 7 de octubre. Un año más tarde, en 1950, estalló la guerra en la dividida Corea, devolviendo a la URSS y los EE.UU. a una indirecta confrontación militar.

poster-1943-1257548_originalposter-1947-ne-baluy-0_5e369_aafb9d7f_orig
Posters soviéticos de 1945 «…El ejército rojo unido a los ejércitos de nuestros aliados romperá el espinazo de la bestia fascista (I. Stalin)» (izquierda), y 1947 «¡No hagas locuras!» (derecha).
Fuente: álbum de fotos de Yandex del usuario Unter Sergeant.

En el calor de la propaganda antisoviética, Polowsky continuó enviando sus cartas abiertas que llamaban a «renovar el Juramento del Elba». Según los informes, escribió la versión oficial del juramento en 1947 pero no puedo encontrar su texto en Internet. Podríamos preguntarnos si el juramento fue realmente escrito en un papel y firmado. Una nota breve de la Associated Press de 22 de abril de 1950 titulada «Los Veteranos deshacen el Juramento de Paz del Elba», sugiere que así fue. La noticia cita al compañero de armas de Polowsky, Ed Ruff diciendo: «Ya no vale ni el papel en que está escrito... En lugar de estar a la altura de aquel juramento, los rusos han hecho todo lo posible para provocar otra guerra». Probablemente fue en ese momento cuando Polowsky fue procesado por «actividades antiamericanas».

En el décimo aniversario de la Reunión en el Elba los estadounidenses enviaron una invitación a sus compañeros veteranos de la URSS, pero los «rusos» la declinaron, algunos dicen que debido a que se les solicitaron las huellas dactilares para obtener el visado de entrada en Estados Unidos. En respuesta, llegó una invitación oficial de los soviéticos para visitar Moscú el 9 de mayo de 1955, por las celebraciones del Día de la Victoria. Parece que esto fue considerado como una buena ocasión para normalizar las relaciones entre los dos países.

Elbe veterans visit Soviet Ambassador. Soviet Ambassador Georgi Zarubin, left, shakes hands with Murray Schulman of Queens Village, N.Y. as a group of U.S. Army veterans who participated in the Elbe River link-up with Russian troops 10 years ago call on him. April 25, 1955 the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C. Left to right are: Edwin Jeary, Robert Haag, Byron Shiver, John Adams, Charles Forrester, Zarubin, William Weisel, Yuri Gouk, Soviet second secretary, Elijah Sams, Schulman, Robert Legal, Fred Johnston and Claude Moore (AP Photo/John Rous). Source: AP ImagesVeteranos del Elba visitan al embajador soviético. El embajador soviético Georgi Zarubin, izquierda, estrecha la mano de Murray Schulman de Queens Village, Nueva York, así como un grupo de veteranos del Ejército de EE.UU. que participaron en el encuentro en el río Elba lo hizo con las tropas rusas hace 10 años. 25 de abril de 1955 en la embajada rusa en Washington D.C. De izquierda a derecha son: Edwin Jeary, Robert Haag, Byron Shiver, John Adams, Charles Forrester, Zarubin, William Weisel, Yuri Gouk, segundo secretario soviético, Elías Sams, Schulman, Robert Legal, Fred Johnston y Claude Moore (AP Photo / John Rous). Fuente: AP Images.

Un grupo de unos diez veteranos estadounidenses, incluyendo a Polowsky y Shiver, se reunieron en Nueva York el 3 de mayo. Habían conseguido sus visados, pero se quedaron cortos en la obtención de fondos para el vuelo de regreso a París, donde los soviéticos tenían previsto reunirse con ellos y llevarlos a Moscú. Para recaudar el dinero necesario, Polowsky hizo un llamamiento a los medios de comunicación, pero no hubo respuesta así que el grupo decidió dar marcha atrás y volver a casa al día siguiente. Una llamada telefónica cerca de la medianoche cambió la situación: estaban invitados a un programa de ayuda del canal de televisión CBS «Strike it Rich». Polowsky dijo que «tenían la intención de ser representantes del punto de vista estadounidense y dar un buena imagen del presidente Eisenhower y el pueblo americano». Espectadores de muchos estados llamaron al espectáculo televisivo para apoyar a los veteranos. Finalmente, el patrocinador del programa proporcionó los 5.580 $ necesarios y los veteranos emprendieron viaje el 6 de mayo.

Llegaron a Moscú bien entrada la noche del 9 de mayo. Los siguientes días se reunieron con los veteranos soviéticos, recorrieron lugares de interés en Moscú, visitaron una granja de koljós, y asistieron a algunos banquetes oficiales en la Embajada de los EE.UU. y la Casa Central del Ejército Soviético. Curiosamente, como había ocurrido una década atrás, Ustinov estaba allí con su cámara y al final de la visita regaló a cada uno de los veteranos un álbum con las fotos de 1945 y 1955.

Shiver shows himself on the photo from 1945. Silvashko is the second from the right.Shiver señala su propio retrato en la foto de 1945. Silvashko es el segundo por la derecha.

The Soviet and American veterans pose in front of the Central House of the Soviet Army.Los veteranos soviéticos y americanos posan delante de la Casa Central del Ejército Soviético.

1955.05-1699-0_12578_380b5637_orig1955.05-1700-0_12579_c1d451a_orig
Los americanos dan una vuelta en el metro de Moscú.

1955.05-1723-0_12610_8bbefc3e_origPolowsky (tercero por la derecha) brinda en un banquete. En el extremo izquierdo vemos probablemente al delegado del Ministro de Defensa de la URSS, mariscal Vasily Sokolovsky.

Tres años después, en 1958, cinco veteranos soviéticos liderados por el escritor Boris Polevoy (1908-1981), reportero de primera línea de fuego de Pravda durante la guerra, devolvieron la visita recorriendo Nueva York y Washington. Polowsky y sus amigos tuvieron que pedir dinero prestado para agasajar a los invitados. Sin ningún apoyo oficial del gobierno de EE.UU. la visita pasó desapercibida para el público. Con una excepción: los veteranos soviéticos fueron invitados a un partido de béisbol en el Estadio Griffith donde se enfrentaban los Senadores de Washington y los Yanquis de Nueva York. Cuando el comentarista anunció que había unos veteranos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en el estadio, más de 10.000 espectadores aplaudieron mientras ellos eran conducidos hasta el home plate de la cancha para saludar al bateador Mickey Mantle.

Otra visita tuvo lugar al año siguiente, y unas pocas más durante los años 70.

A lo largo de una década, cada 25 de abril, fiel a su juramento, el taxista de Chicago Joseph Polowsky celebraba su vigilia personal para conmemorar el Día del Elba. En el puente de Michigan Avenue contaba a los transeúntes la historia de la amistad del río Elba, hablaba de la necesidad de detener la propagación de armas nucleares y hacía votos por la paz mundial. La última vigilia de Polowsky fue en 1983, murió de cáncer en octubre de ese año. Sabiendo que su enfermedad era terminal, lo arregló todo para que se cumpliera su última voluntad: ser enterrado a orillas del río Elba, en Torgau, Alemania del Este. Se le concedieron los permisos oportunos y el funeral de Polowsky reunió de nuevo a Yanquis y Rojos en el Elba. Era el mes de noviembre de 1983.


Desde entonces, visitar la tumba de Polowsky es una parte importante de las celebraciones anuales del Día del Elba en Torgau. Polowsky se ha convertido en el símbolo de lealtad al Juramento del Elba, al espíritu de la amistad. El activista y compositor estadounidense Fred Smallle dedicó la canción 'At the Elbe' de su álbum de 1988 'I Will Stand Fast’. También hay un documental premiado de 1986 'Joe Polowsky - An American Dreamer', del director alemán occidental Wolfgang Pfeiffer. Por desgracia, no he podido ver la película on-line, pero aún aparece la imagen de «los dos soldados» en la página de información sobre el film, con ella empezó mi historia.


En la foto de arriba Sylvashko rinde homenaje a la memoria de su compañero de armas. Probablemente, él fue el último sobreviviente soviético de aquellos acontecimientos históricos. Falleció en 2010, a la edad de 87 años. El estadounidense, que estrecha la mano de Sylvashko en la famosa foto, Robertson, falleció en 1999. Todos los que sellaron el Juramento del Elba hace 69 años ya han fallecido. Pero la Guerra Fría aún se está librando sobre el planeta, fermentando en las zonas calientes de muchos conflictos regionales.

Otros enlaces de interés

«Встреча на Эльбе» (Encuentro en el Elba) – la película de propaganda soviética de 1949, en ruso, que desarrolla el encuentro en el Elba y la posterior división de Alemania en zonas de ocupación: https://video.yandex.ru/users/cuvschinov-a/view/2478/

Una entrevista de 1980 con Joe Polowsky por el galardonado autor estadounidense y notable personalidad de la radio Studs Terkel: http://studsterkel.org/results.php?summary=PolowskyParte 1 y Parte 2.

«Встреча на Эльбе» (Reunión en el Elba) – este documental de 1990 en ruso trata de las celebraciones del 45º aniversario del encuentro en Alemania : http://net-film.ru/film-20264/

«Алтарь Победы : Встреча на Эльбе» (El Altar de la Victoria: Reunión en el Elba ) – este documental del 2009, en ruso, de la NTV sigue curiosamente la línea crítica de la película estrenada 60 años antes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB4Rj3EoIhI

«Встречи» (Encuentros) – documental de 2011, en ruso, sobre Igor Belousovitch, nacido en Shanghai, hijo de emigrantes rusos, que formaba parte de la patrulla de Craig: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQDcJG-ms2o

Odessa

$
0
0

Sometimes I feel the need to simply pick out and insert here some pictures from the flow of news. Not as if I could add anything to what is flooding anyway at such times from the mass of news, blogs, commentaries. Rather as a milestone only. And because I cannot write about anything else instead, since everything that I could write about seems too insignificant in comparison.


This was the Greek Square, with the Greek bookshop, where you could browse the recent literature of the city, and with small brasseries around, where you could sit out even after midnight in the warm, noisy Odessan night, smelling of the sea. Only a few steps away, to the left, is the Gambrinus, where they still play old Odessan pub songs every evening, and that is already the corner of the City Park and Deribasovskaya, the crowded promenade. In the background, the Afisha passage and department store where the demonstrators fled, and the building on the corner, on which the fire bomb is thrown, is the Smiley internet café, which often helped me out when the net did not work in my room.

odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021odessa201405021

This enormous socialist realist temple was the headquarters of the trade unions in Kulikovo park, opposite the train station, next to the Japanese bargain hotel with small claustrophobic sleeping niches, converted from the old tram depot. Further along the rails, the Middle Mills from Kataev’s A white sail gleams, and beyond it, the Moldavanka, with Khmelnitsky’s statue at the beginning of the Jewish street, and in Khmelnitsky street with the house of Benya Krik and its hundred-year-old dovecotes described again and again by Babel.


In recent months it has become increasingly palpable, that in the Ukraine an era has come to an end. This has become definite with the latest tragedy in Odessa. The extended socialism, the twenty-year delay of adulthood, which this eternal borderland has overslept, during which it has not become either East or West, and which now awakens to the prospect of its fate being decided independently by the East and the West, as has happened so many times over the course of history. A world frozen in a dream, anachronistic and surrealistic, and yet captivating. I am grateful that at least in its final years it was allowed for me me to see some of it and also to show it to others.


odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022odessa201405022


The spirit of Odessa

$
0
0

Published in Szombat 2013/3 before our travel to Odessa organized with the Hungarian Jewish Cultural Association
The sleek white silhouette of the Vorontsov Lighthouse – slim candle, extinguished at dawn, as Vera Imber described it from her window –  was the last thing that Hayim Nahman Bialik saw of Odessa. The Ruslan steamer, which in 1919 had already carried the cream of the Odessan Jewish intelligentsia off to Jaffa, now, two years later could set sail again through the intervention of Gorky, with the rear guard of Jewish literary life in Odessa, the authors, journal editors, textbook writers, book publishers on board. The passenger Bialik’s chests also held the manuscripts of the publisher Dir, which he had recently founded, and which upon arrival at the destined shore would take the name Dvir, and become the leading book publisher of Palestine. Bialik would become the national poet of Israel.

If he raised his eyes, he could still see the Giant Stairs, as they were then known, before Eisenstein’s stroller tumbled down its length a few years later during the climactic scene of rebellion in the film Battleship Potemkin. The gigantic stairway then still reached down to the water, they had not yet built the wide thoroughfare that now separates the monumental umbilical cord linking the city with the sea, from which she was born. At the apex of the two hundred stairs, he could still discern the toga-clad figure of Duke Richelieu, the planner of the city, the first monument of Odessa, erected by the Jewish population in gratitude to their governor, thanks to whom, for the first time, they could feel themselves equal with any other inhabitant of the Russian empire.



The rest was already hidden in the trees. Only in the imagination could he follow the Primorsky boulevard, where he so often walked in the late afternoon, when the changing wind starts to blow in from the sea, and when the city livens up, from the Pushkin statue in front of the white columns of the Duma to the stone lions in front of the white columns of the governor’s palace, the rigid cadence of the neoclassical promenade, of which all the rest of Odessa is merely an appendix. And perhaps even in the imagination, he did not want to go beyond the Richelieu monument, to Catherine’s Square which opened just behind it, where now the statue of the empress who founded the city was covered with a red cloth. As Babel wrote in the last chapter of his Odessa Tales, it was in this square’s building number seven, the new headquarters of the Cheka, that they had just at that time wound down the kingdom of Benya Krik and Froyim Gach, the Jewish underlords of the Moldavanka underworld.

The monument to Catherine the Great, with the Giant Stairs and the sea in the background, 1910 (above), and in a 1931 photo by Branson DeCou (below, from here)


Beyond Catherine Square, behind the magnificent opera house stood the Literaturka, Prince Gagarin’s former palace, which stood as the center of the literary life of Odessa, a meeting place of writers, critics and editors around the clock, and today the museum of the literature of Odessa. If anything still tied the emigrants to Odessa, then it was this club, the city’s alter-ego and the essence of her life. But the club had been closed for two years, and its members scattered throughout the world. Vladimir Zeev Jabotinsky, the celebrated essayist and Jewish civil rights activist of Odessa remembers it like this in The Five, the most Odessan novel, which he wrote in his Paris exile:

“The headquarters of the literary club was a separate palace. I do not remember whose it was and who lived there before that, but obviously some rich aristocrat. It stood in the best place of the city, at the border of two worlds, the aristocratic downtown and the merchant town. If I close my eyes, even today I can evoke it in my imagination – albeit only through the fog of the past, which blurs the details – the large space, the relic of the noble architecture of early 19th-century overseas masters, and of the quietly noble, archaic taste of the first city-builders: Richelieu, De Ribas, Vorontsov, and the first generation of the merchants and smugglers with Italian and Greek names. Directly in front of me, the colonnade of the city library, and to the left, in the forefront of the wide, almost shoreless bay that of the town council: neither of them would be a disgrace to Corinth or Pisa. To the right, the first houses of the Italian Street, which in my time already bore the name of Pushkin, who wrote here the Onegin. Behind me, the building of the English Club, and further to left, the facade of the City Theater. All these were built in different times, but with the same love to the foreign, Latin and Greek genius of the city of the incomprehensible name. And right here, at the palace of the Literaturka– which looks exactly like the villa I saw in Siena – began one of the steep roads down to the port, and on calm days you could hear from there the murmur of the loading bridges.”

The Gagarin Palace, today home of three – the archaeological, literary and naval – museums

On the other end of the main street, the Deribasovskaya, opposite the City Park, just a quarter-hour walk from the Literaturka, stood the Passage, the luxurious symbol of the trade of the city, built in 1899. Jabotinsky himself made this trip daily, because the Passage was also the center of the press. Here they published the dailies of Odessa, including the Odessa News, to which Jabotinsky and many other eminent authors were daily contributors.


The predecessor of Odessa News was published with the title Rassvet, that is, Dawn, by Joachim Tarnopol and Osip Rabinovich, founders of the “Society for spreading culture among the Jews”, with its offices at Richelieu street 11. The company set itself the goal of the cultural emancipation and assimilation of the Jews, and its members sought to promote Jewish culture and history in the Russian language both among the Jews of Odessa and the Russian audience. They included the historian Semyon Dubnov, founder of the historical and ethnographic society of Odessa, and of the library of Judaic and Hebrew studies, whose The history of the Jews was the first book on this topic in Russia. They also included Semyon Frug, whose poems and short stories were immensely popular, as the Jewish intellectuals saw in them the first real expression of the Jewish spirit of Odessa. His poems were set to music, they became folk and pub songs, and due to his extravagant life, he also became a hero of the city’s folklore. His funeral was at the same time a demonstration of solidarity with the Jews of Odessa. As Zvi Rama writes in her memoirs:

“The students, holding hands, lined up along the boulevard, separating the funeral procession from the passers-by on both sides of the road. Still there echoed in our ears the poems and songs of this great poet of our people, which we read and sang hundreds of times, and which were understandable to everyone, because they were written in Russian, and were so close to our hearts, because, nevertheless, they spoke in Jewish.”

The third great figure of Russian-language Jewish literature in Odessa was Semyon Yushkevich, the most renowned Jewish author of prose and theater in the 19th century. His pieces, which, in accordance with the spirit of the Society, mainly spoke about the conflict of innovation and tradition, were staged throughout Russia, and his novels – like The taylor, or images of Jewish life– became bestsellers. It was his merit to introduce to the Russian public the topic of Jewish life, and at the same time Odessa, whose unmistakable language is spoken by his characters.

The members of the Society also included Mordechai Ben-Ami, who for the first time represented provincial Jewry in Russian literature, and the everyday life of the shtetls, in a satirical, ironic spirit. His writings were very popular not only among Jewish, but also Russian readers, and they created a genre – as well as its audience – which would be further developed by so many later authors and with much great success, not only in Russian, but also Yiddish and Hebrew.

The first, and at the same time the best-known representative of this genre, Sholem Aleichem already belonged to the generation which, after the pogroms of 1881-1884 and the anti-Semitic laws of 1882, gave up the apparently futile efforts to assimilate, and who set itself the goal of creating cultural autonomy and the cultivation of the Yiddish language. He started his literary career in the Odessa newspapers, and, under the influence of Ben-Ami’s short stories, he wrote his first story, Menachem Mendl. This writing, just as in his later works, clearly reflect the sly Odessan sense of humor, which made him – as his contemporary critics said – “the Jewish Chekhov”, or – as he was later known – “the Jewish Mark Twain”.

The other great Odessan author writing in Yiddish, who portrayed provincial Jewry in an original way, was Mendele Mocher-Sforim, “the grandfather of Jewish literature”, as Sholem Aleichem called him. He came from a poor Belorussian family, studied in yeshiva, but in his adolescent years he wandered around in the world of the Belorussian and Lithuanian shtetls as the attendant of a beggar named Lame Avreml. This latter became the model of the protagonist of his novel Lame Fishke, which became a bestseller of contemporary Jewish literature, just like his other picaresque novel, The travels of Benjamin III, the “Jewish Don Quixote”, which introduced the troubled life of the medieval Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela, as well as the world of Sephardic Jews to Yiddish-speaking readers.

The outstanding figures of the literary life in Odessa, 1905. Sitting: H. Czernowitz, M. Lilienblum,  
H. Ravnitsky, Achad ha-Am, Mendele Mocher-Sforim, E. Levinsky.
Standing: A. Borokhov, I. Klausner, H-N. Bialik

Along with the Society, which represented the spirit of the Jewish Enlightenment, after the pogroms of the 1880s they also established the society of the lovers of the Hebrew language and literature in the same building at Richelieu street 11. Its aim, in addition to the cultural emancipation of the Jews, was more and more centered on their political autonomy. Its founder and leader was the philosopher Josif Klausner, initiator of the Hebrew Encyclopedia, editor in chief of  Ha-Siloah and Sholem Aleichem, the first Hebrew- and Yiddish-language newspapers in Odessa. He, too, sailed to Palestine on the Ruslan steamer – he was the sole person permitted by the Palestine Committee to take with him his entire library, which occupied the places of four other people – and he would later found the Hebrew department of Jerusalem University. His literary salon was maintained at Osipova street 9, which became the most important center of Jewish intellectual life in Odessa, and was described by his brother’s grandson, Amos Oz, in the autobiographical novel Love and Darkness:

“Uncle Yosef, who at twenty-nine inherited from Achad Haʻam the position of editor in chief of Hasiloah, the leading journal of modern Hebrew culture (the literary editor was the poet Bialik himself), directed Hebrew literature from Odessa. It took him only a word to elevate or to destroy an author. To the “soirées” of his brother and sister-in-law, he was also accompanied by Aunt Zippora, who made sure to carefully wrap him in woolen scarves, warm coats and ear muffs. Menachem Usishkin, the leader of the Lovers of Zion, which can be considered a forerunner of Zionism, commanded silence with his mere appearance. Elegantly dressed, he puffed up his chest to the size of a buffalo, and his rough voice competed with that of a Russian governor, as it made a fiercely murmuring sound next to the samovar. Respect for him cut off all conversation, and always there was someone who jumped up to offer his own seat to him, while Usishkin would then march across the room with a general’s steps, and sit down, spreading his thick legs, and tapping twice with his cane, would thus indicate that the conversation could go on. The regular visitors of the salon also included Rabbi Czernowitz (penname Rav Cair). […] Even Bialik appeared some nights, sometimes pale and trembling from the cold and anger, while other times on the contrary, he was the center and soul of the company. […] He was like a spry kid. A real scoundrel. Full of daring. He had no scruples, for sure. Sometimes he joked in Yiddish, until the ladies blushed. […] Bialik liked to eat and drink, he loved to have fun. He stuffed himself with bread and cheese, then he devoured a lot of cakes, drank a glass of piping hot tea and a small glass of liqueur, and then he sang entire serenades in Yiddish on the wonders of Hebrew. […] They had fierce debates on the rebirth of Hebrew language and literature, the points of connection of the cultural heritage of the Jews and of other peoples, the Bundists, the supporters of the Yiddish language, […] on the recently established agricultural settlements in Judea and Galilee, the old problems of the Jewish farmers in Kherson or Kharkov, Knut Hamsun and Maupassant, the great powers and socialism, the question of women and the land question.”

Another leading figure of the Hebrew society was the physician Leon Pinsker, who was invited as a professor of the recently founded Hebrew school in Odessa thanks to his fundamental works on Sabbatai Zvi and the Karaim. He represented the political direction of the new Hebraist generation. In his famous pamphlet Auto-Emancipation, published after the pogrom of 1881, he proclaimed the need of the political autonomy of the Jews, and the return to Palestine. In 1890 he initiated the establishment of the Palestine Committee with the aim of supporting the Jews living in Palestine and promote emigration. An outstanding representative of this trend was Vladimir Zeev Jabotinsky who, aside from
Jabotinsky monument on the wall of his birthplace, Jewish street 2, with the figure of Samson on its top
his brilliant satirical essays published under the pen name Altalena, contributed to Odessan literature two books, written already from emigration. In Samson, the Nazir (1927) he formulated that active and bold idea of Jewish life that he pursued for his entire life, while The Five (1935) is a nostalgic, detailed evocation of one-upon-a-time Odessa.

The polyglot Jabotinsky translated into Russian the poems of the greatest representative of the Hebrew trend, Hayim-Nahman Bialik. Bialik came from Volhynia to Odessa, and it was in the literary milieu of the city that he became the greatest figure of modern Hebrew poetry. As a publisher, he also played an important role in the strengthening of Hebrew literature. The Moriah house, which he founded, published the most important Hebrew classics and textbooks, while his collection of folk tales and sayings scattered in the Talmud, the Sefer HaAggadah (1908-11) was a huge success, and often published worldwide bestseller.

The civil war of 1918-20 put an end to this thriving, diverse Jewish cultural life in Odessa. Whosoever could, in time fled to Europe, Berlin or Paris. And the Jewish cultural elite which remained in place until the last moment, was finally taken away by two round-trips of the Ruslan steamer to Palestine, where they offered a decisive contribution to the foundation of modern Hebrew literature and scholarship.

It is a wonder of Odessa, that precisely then, after the disappearance of the Jewish cultural and literary elite, followed that second efflorencesce of Odessan Jewish literature, which is the best known and most appreciated today. It is then that Isaak Babel writes his Odessa Tales, immortalizing and ennobling into a legend the world of the Jewish slums of the Moldavanka and Peresyp, and Ilf and Petrov give form, in the character of Ostap Bender, to the Odessan scoundrel who always prevails due to his cunning, humor and insolence. This world and this character, which were introduced into literature by Semyon Frug, Mordecai Ben-Ami, Mendele Mocher-Sforim and Sholem Aleichem, and this vibrant, absurd and clever spirit of Odessa, created by a century in the life and literature of the city. Babel and Ilf grew up on this literature, embraced this spirit, and set up a memorial to it, after it had said goodbye to Odessa.


odessalitodessalitodessalitodessalitodessalitodessalitodessalitodessalitodessalit
Sites mentioned in this article: a) Vorontsov Lighthouse; b) Richelieu monument
on the top of the Giant Stairs; c) the Duma and Pushkin’s statue, one end of
the Primorsky promenade; d) the other end of the promenade, the palace
of the governor; e) statue of Catherine the Great; f) Gagarin Palace;
g) the Passage; h) Richelieu 11, center of the Jewish cultural
societies; i) Osipova 9, Josef Klausner’s literary salon

Deluge

$
0
0

The yellow square on the forehead of the witch-face turned aside is Bobowa in southeastern Poland, at the Carpathian foothills. Here we are, just in the smaller eye of the cyclone, which has been rotating around for two days, incessantly pouring rain on the site of Sienkiewicz’s Deluge. We are heading to the former shtetl, one of the most beautiful intact Jewish graveyards of Poland. The graves look down from a high hilltop over the village to the valley of Biała, so that neither the Wehrmacht, nor the local people were later in any mood to mess with the removal and recycling of the stones, as they did in many other cemeteries.


After Gromnik, the road turns down to the river valley. On its two sides they are already piling up the sandbags, pumps are running, and at its lowest point, the road is already half-flooded by the river. We must rush through the cemetery, before the way back is completely closed to us.


As I stop in Ciężkowice to photograph the Austro-Hungarian military cemetery, it is already thundering forcefully from Gorlice beyond Bobowa, like the guns of the 1915 Gorlice breakthrough, where Cavalry Captain Oswald Richthofen and his sixty-three Hungarian hussars fell. Some of the fallen were no longer recognizable, and so their graves bear only this much: Ein tapferer ungarischer Krieger, a valiant Hungarian warrior.


The storm meets us just before Bobowa. We can only move forward at walking speed, with the rain pouring onto the windshield. Along the main street of the village, where once Hassidic riders galloped to greet the great Tsaddik Ben Zion Halberstam, now water is running deep.


By the time we get to the end of the village, from where one can already discern the whitewashed ohel of the Tsaddik and the first, tiny black gravestones on the hilltop, the flood has become yellowish and rolls stones. All around, from the edges of the gardens, the side streets, the mountain road leading to the cemetery, from both sides of the valley, the troubled yellow river is pouring onto the road. We have to turn back, before we become trapped in the flooded village, as happened many years ago in the Transylvanian Csíkmenaság. Leaving the Biała valley behind us, and looking back from the bank of the loudly roaring Dunajec river, we see that the storm has begun again above the mountains of Bobowa.


We had to turn back before the our goal, but we hope that in a month, when we come here again, the weather will be better in Bobowa. However, driving along the Dunajec in the pouring rain, we have an unexpected compensation. In the village of Zakliczyn, a small military cemetery appears on a quiet side street, dating from the time of the Gorlice breakthrough. It is the only Jewish military cemetery in the country. Buried here are eleven Jews, who fought for the Austro-Hungarian side, and one for the Russian side. We do not know which of them lay where, as all twelve graves are anonymous.

bobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowa

About the military cemetery nr. 293, planned, similarly to several other WWI cemeteries of the region, by the Austrian military architect Lieutenant Robert Motka, writes Két Sheng, some contemporary Yiddish-language postcards (or rather German-language ones in Hebrew letters) also gave news. One of them, published by the Kriegsgräberfürsorge of Vienna, also lists the names of the military units of the fallen Jewish soldiers.

“Vestgalitsisher kriegsfriedhof / Izraelitisher friedhof Zaklitshin”




Diluvio

$
0
0

El cuadradito amarillo que vemos en la frente del desvaído rostro de esta bruja es Bobowa, al sureste de Polonia, en las estribaciones de los Cárpatos. Aquí estamos, justo en el ojo más pequeño del ciclón que nos ha rondado por dos días vertiendo agua sin parar sobre la zona del Diluvio de Sienkiewicz. Nos dirigimos a este antiguo shtetl que alberga uno de los más hermosos cementerios judíos intactos de Polonia. Las tumbas miran desde lo alto de la colina elevada sobre el pueblo hacia el valle de Biala, por lo que ni la Wehrmacht, ni la población local tuvieron ánimo bastante para ponerse a destruir o reciclar las lápidas, como sí hicieron en tantísimos otros cementerios.


Pasado Gromnik la carretera gira hacia el valle por donde corre el río. En ambas riberas ya apilan sacos de arena, las bombas de achique están en funcionamiento y el tramo inferior del camino empieza a inundarse. Tenemos que apresurarnos a cruzar el cementerio antes de que el camino de vuelta quede completamente cortado.


Al parar en Ciężkowice para fotografiar el cementerio militar austro-húngaro, truena con violencia por Gorlice, detrás de Bobowa, como el cañoneo en la Ofensiva de  Gorlice de 1915, donde cayeron el Capitán de Caballería Oswald Richthofen y sus sesenta y tres húsares húngaros. Algunos de los caídos no pudieron ser identificados y en sus tumbas solo se lee: Ein tapferer ungarischer Krieger: un valiente guerrero húngaro.


La tormenta nos pilla justo antes de llegar a Bobowa. Con el aguacero descargando sobre el parabrisas avanzamos más despacio que si fuéramos a pie. A lo largo de la calle principal del pueblo, por donde una vez galoparon los jinetes jasídicos para saludar al gran tzadík Ben Zion Halberstam, baja ahora un torrente.


Para cuando llegamos al final del pueblo, desde donde se discierne el blanco del ohel del tzadik y el punteado negro de las pequeñas lápidas en la cima de la colina, la riada se ha vuelto amarillenta y arrastra piedras. De todas partes, desde los bordes de los jardines, las calles laterales, el camino de montaña que lleva al cementerio, desde ambos lados del valle, la turbia avalancha parduzca vierte agua sobre la carretera. Tenemos que volver atrás, antes de quedar atrapados en el pueblo inundado, como nos ocurrió hace muchos años en el Csíkmenaság transilvano. Dejando el valle Biała a nuestras espaldas y volviendo la vista desde la orilla del río Dunajec que ruge con fuerza, vemos que la tormenta ha comenzado a descargar de nuevo por encima de las montañas de Bobowa.


Tuvimos que dar media vuelta antes de llegar a nuestra meta pero esperamos que en cosa de un mes, cuando estemos aquí de nuevo, el tiempo en Bobowa será mejor. Con todo, la conducción a lo largo del Dunajec bajo la lluvia nos proporcionó una recompensa inesperada. En el pueblo de Zakliczyn, en una tranquila calle secundaria, dimos con un pequeño cementerio militar de la época de la Ofensiva de Gorlice. Es el único cementerio militar judío del país. Yacen aquí once judíos que lucharon del lado austro-húngaro y uno del lado ruso. No sabemos en cuál descansa cada uno pues las doce tumbas son anónimas.

bobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowabobowa

Sobre el cementerio militar nr. 293, diseñado al igual que otros varios cementerios de la Primera Gran Guerra en esta región por el arquitecto militar austríaco, teniente Robert Motka, nos informa Két Sheng de que también dan noticias algunas postales contemporáneas en yídish (o más bien en alemán, escrito en carácteres hebraicos). Una de ellas, publicada por el Kriegsgräberfürsorge de Viena, nos ofrece la lista de nombres de las unidades militares de los soldados judíos caídos.

«Vestgalitsisher kriegsfriedhof / Izraelitisher friedhof Zaklitshin»



Layers of time / Escrito en el tiempo

$
0
0

Ghost inscriptions of restaurateurs following each other in the same place, in Abbazia, the most elegant resort place of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Who knows more about them?   Letras fantasmas que se resisten a desaparecer y emergen unas sobre otras en Abbazia, el lugar de descanso más elegante de la antigua Monarquía Austro-Húngara. ¿Quién sabe alguna historia de esta esquina de Europa?

falkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalkfalk

Still a villa suburbana at the turn of the century (enlarge here), today at the corner of Veprinački put and ulica Joakima Rakovca.  Era aún una villa suburbana a la vuelta del siglo (ampliar plano), hoy languidece en la esquina del camino de Veprinac con la calle Joakim Rakovec.

So that's why “Poema” is hard to fit into a tanda...

$
0
0
El Garron and its downstairs cabaret hall Palermo, 6 rue Fontain, just off Pigalle (1925)

Most of of the practicing and aspiring Argentine tango DJs must have noticed that Francisco Canaro’s superb (and much overplayed) 1935 “Poema” doesn’t quite fit seamlessly into tandas (as sets of tango records played for the dancers, typically from the same orchestra and the same time, are called). “Poema” is quite singular in its gently melancholic, softly nostalgic flow, while other Canaro’s hits of the period tend to be more insistent and dramatic in quality, energetically driving rather than softly soothing.

One can’t help noticing a few more peculiarities about this hit. Its popularity peaks overseas, especially in Europe, and reaches the low point in Buenos Aires. And no other orchestras in Argentine recorded the piece.

Thanks to German Nemoljakin’s constant flow of stories from tango’s past, I got an intriguing glimpse of “Poema”’s special history, and couldn’t resist digging deeper into it. To sum it up:
The beautiful “Poema” isn’t quite an Argentine tango, it is as much a European tango, composed by the expat musicians who were singularly successful in transplanting tango to the musical scene of Paris.

Furthermore, “Poema”’s lack of acceptance in Buenos Aires wasn’t helped by the dark political undertones of its story, and the fact that its lyrics are a thinly veiled confession of a banished murderer.
“Poema” is undoubtedly the best composition of Eduardo Bianco, an Argentine who lived in Europe for nearly 20 years, and who mastered the art of making the tango of Argentina sound the Parisian way. The oft-retold story says that Bianco and Mario Melfi, aided by others in their band, composed it on a train during a 1932 tour of Germany. What is rarely mentioned is that Bianco’s lyrics tell his personal, and thoroughly suppressed, story from his final year in Buenos Aires. In 1924, Eduardo Bianco played the first violin in the orchestra of the famous Teatro Apolo at Avenida Corrientes. Bianco learned that his wife cheated on him with the pianist of the orchestra, and shot his rival to death in a fit of jealousy. As translated into English by Alberto Paz, Bianco’s stanzas tell us how a dream of sweet love ended up awakening the heart’s monsters, the chimeras which can never be fully grasped; the words “intenso mal” which Alberto Paz translated as “intense misfortune” may be better interpreted as “overpowering evil”:


Francisco Canaro - Roberto Maida, Poema (1935)

Fué un ensueño de dulce amor,
horas de dicha y de querer,
fué el poema de ayer,
que yo soñé,
de dorado color,
vanas quimeras del corazón,
no logrará descifrar jamás,
nido tan fugaz,
fue un ensueño de amor y adoración.

Cuando las flores de tu rosal,
vuelvan mas bellas a florecer,
recordarás mi querer,
y has de saber,
todo mi intenso mal.

De aquel poema embriagador,
ya nada queda entre los dos,
doy mi triste adiós,
sentiras la emoción,
de mi dolor…
It was a dream of sweet love,
hours of happiness and loving,
it was the poem of yesterday,
that I dreamed,
of gilded color,
vain chimeras of the heart,
it will not manage to never decipher,
so fleeting nest,
it was a dream of love and adoration.

When the flowers of your rose garden,
bloom again ever so beautiful,
you'll remember my love,
and you will come to know,
all my intense misfortune.

Of that one intoxicating poem,
nothing is left between us,
I say my sad goodbye,
you'll feel the emotion,
of my pain…

Eduardo Bianco was jailed and tried for murder, and acquitted - according to José María Otero, owing to political connections of Bianco’s influential rich friend, Martin “Macoco” Álzaga Unzué, a race driver, bon vivant, and night club owner whose circle included top entertainers, aristocrats, and mobsters. But the acquitted violinist had to leave Argentina. Soon, he sailed for France.


In Paris, Bianco with the bandoneonist Juan Bautista Deambroggio “Bachicha” assembled Orquesta Típica Bianco-Bachicha, which started to play in the downstairs cabaret of the famed Argentine-themed Montmartre boîte, “El Garron”, and toured Europe, the Americas, and Middle East. He continued cultivating relationships with the rich and powerful, even dedicating his tango compositions to kings and queens, and (twice) to Benito Mussolini, and boasting of praise from Stalin and Hitler. It was the 1926 “Plegaria”, dedicated to Spanish king Alfonso XIII, “symbol of Spanish democracy” (who fled after the electoral victory of the Republicans, and supported Franco with the outbreak of Spanish Civil War), which brought Bianco most infamy.



Orquesta Típica Argentina “Eduardo Bianco”: Plegaria. Span. Refraingesang: Mario Visconti. Telefunken, Die Deutsche Weltmarke, E 2861, March 1939

The most detailed account of Bianco’s European years has been provided in Enrique Cadícamo’s 1975 La historia del tango en París (and summarized in a recent El Litoral article). Cadícamo, who toured Europe with the already presented Gardel, advised his tango friends to avoid discussing politics with Eduardo Bianco because Bianco supposedly informed for Gestapo (the French police detained and investigated him in 1937, but released him). Bianco associated himself with Eduardo Labougle Carranza, Argentine ambassador in the Third Reich Berlin and an avowed antisemite. They supposedly convinced Goebbels that tango should take place of the “racially tainted” Jazz music, and were invited to perform in Berlin’s “La scala”. Then, at an Argentine asado reception at the Embassy, Bianco’s orchestra got to entertain Hitler himself (even with a bandoneon player personally grilling meats for him), and the Führer asked for an encore performance of “Plegaria” (“Prayer” in Spanish). The sentimental monster must have enjoyed the play between the solemn sound of the piece and the frivolous, erotic perception of the word “tango”, because soon, he found a horrible use for Bianco’s score. In a short time, “Plegaria” would be dubbed “Tango of Death”, as the death camp prisoner bands were ordered to play it when the camp prisoners were led to execution. The horror of “Tango of Death” has been immortalized in the verses of Paul Celan under his post-war impressions of Lwów’s Janówska death camp (here it is read by himself in German). Although the Romanian translation of the poem, published before the German original, still had “tangul” in its title, in the final German version “Plegaria” turned into “Todesfuge”,“The Death Fugue”!

(A personal side note here … this is how I got to understand another allusion in Psoy Korolenko’sIlimsky Ostrog, an amalgamation of quotes and allusions of three centuries of Russian and foreign classic poetry, folk song, pop and rock, where peeling off the layers of meaning never ends … “Meine Todesfuge” is heard near 4:55 in this concert record)

The Jewish members of the Lwów Philharmonics playing the “Tango of Death” in Lwów’s Janówska death camp (more about it here)

Mauthausen, 30. June 1942. Yad Vashem Archive, 2AO7


The WWII broke out, and Ambassador Labougle returned to Argentina to champion the cause of South American neutrality in the war, the cause which must have been largely anti-American and anti-Brazilian, rather than pro-Axis, in Argentina, since it traditionally allied itself with Great Britain, its main export market, and, after the Great Depression-era unfair trade treaties went into effect, also Argentina’s main supplier of manufactured goods. The United States, in the meantime, practiced the ideology of continental domination, the Manifest Destiny, and armed Argentina’s regional arch-rival, Brazil. Although truth be said, Argentine leaders sought to emulate many aspects of the Axis, from nationalist fervor to regional expansion plans (Argentina even covertly installed a friendly, pro-fascist government in Bolivia in a 1943 coup). But time was running out for the open sympathizers of the Reich, and in January 1944, Argentina had to break relations with Nazi Germany (although it didn’t declare war until a year later). In the meantime, Bianco played across occupied Europe for the Nazi troops, and on the Third Reich radio stations. As it’s become clear that Argentina will sever relations with the Reich soon, he left on a Spanish visa from King Alfonso’s times, and faced a lengthy investigation by the British intelligence services – Bianco himself wrote that he was only cleared owing to his investigator’s appreciation of the music of tango. He finally returned to Buenos Aires in 1943, at the peak of Tango’s Golden age, amid insane richness of tango orchestras. Bianco tried hard but has never succeeded in competing against the local talent; his remained a purely export version of Argentine tango.

Baron Tsunayoshi Megata, son of famed Japanese diplomat Tanetaro Megata, came to Paris in 1920 to cure a disfiguring blood vessel tumor on his face, and stayed until 1926. “El Barón” Megata, a playboy and accomplished ballroom dancer, first discovered El Garron, when Manuel Pizarro’s tango orchestra was paying here. Soon Megata has become a regular, and learned to dance. On return to Japan, he packed cases of tango records from Paris – Pizarro, Bachicha, Bianco… – and organized a dance school for the aristocracy, who were taught that tango was a Parisian dance.
Before we return to 1935, and to Canaro, let me mention that “Poema” has been recorded by one more Parisian band, the Orquesta Típica Auguste-Jean Pesenti du Coliseum de Paris (A.-J. Pesenti was a bandoneonist from Colombia known to us largely owing to the Japanese collectors; in fact pre-WWII tango dancers and listeners in Japan played French tango records of Bianco, Bachicha, Pizzarro, and others, and generally believed that tango was a genre of French music)

Canaro, of course, also famously chose Paris to be his base after 1925 (embarking on tours to New York, Berlin, Hamburg, and Madrid, and to a family roots discovery trip to Italy, from France). Sometimes people say that Canaro stayed abroad for a whole decade, and supposedly didn’t make a comeback to Buenos Aires until 1935! Technically, it’s very untrue, and yet in terms of Francisco Canaro’s legacy and influence, it may be true that the decade between 1925 and 1934 was the low-key part of his tango carrier. He tried diversifying into other genres – rancheras, maxixe, foxtrot, jazz, and even recorded such Americana pieces as “Red Red Robin” as “Francisco Canaro Jazz Band”. He toured the provincial towns, played a lot for the radio stations, launched a series of comedy musicals, and appeared in a movie with Gardel, all to regain his fame and to secure the grand dance halls of BsAs for himself again. Perhaps it was the chilling effect of the Great Depression on the porteño party scene. Or Canaro’s affiliation with the recording company Nacional Odeon, which pitted him against the more prominent RCA Victor. Or it could have been the continuing echo from yet another fatal gunshot story which may have played a role in Canaro’s departure to Paris in the first place.

This is a story which began almost exactly 100 years ago, in September 1914. Francisco Canaro’s lucky break into the ranks of most-listened-to tango orchestras was catalyzed by his invitation to highlight Primero Baile del Internado, the First Ball of Medical Interns, which marked the end of the spring break in the School of Medicine. The interns of Buenos Aires found their inspiration in Paris, in traditional medical students Bal de L’Internat held at Bullier Hall. To this rancorous celebration at the famous Palais de Glace, Canaro premiered a tango titled Matasano, “The Slayer of the Healthy” (as the medical students were humorously called), dedicated to Hospital Durand in Caballito neighborhood. The following year, Canaro premiered tango “El Internado”, “The Intern”, at the Intern’s Ball.

The tradition continued for 11 years, with many pranks and with tango titles such as “Aquí se vacuna” (”Immunizations shots here”, dedicated to Public Health Office), “Anatomia”, “Cloroformo”, “El termómetro”, “La biblioteca” (”The Medical Library”), “Hospital Durand”, “Mano Brava” and “Qué muñeca” (dedicated to outstanding surgeons’ hands), “La inyección” and “El microbio” (continued with tangos about specific pathogens, “El dengue” and “Ae. Aegypti”), even “Paraiso Artificial” (”Artificial Paradise”, obviously a tango about drugs). The tango which premiered in 1924 was titled “El once: el divertismento” – “The 11th: let’s have fun”.


But soon after the 1924 celebration, the medical students took part in a prank gone horribly wrong, and an intern Ernesto O’Farrel was shot and killed by an administrator at Hospital Piñero, triggering a physician strike at all municipal hospitals. The Baile del Internado was never held again. And Canaro’s memoirs mourn the things tango lost after 1924...

Yet Canaro’s tango also gained from being exposed to the music of the European expats, and he kept returning to the scores from Paris, starting from a 1928 recording, with Charlo, of “Bandoneón arrabalero”, a tango Canaro re-recorded several times. The 1925 score is signed by Juan Bautista Deambrogio Bachicha himself, although Enrique Cadícamo says in La historia del tango en París that it was Horacio Petorossi, a guitar player in Bianchi-Bachicha orchestra, who sold the score to Bachicha for a thousand franks. The 1935 recording of Bianco’s Poema continued the trend of cross-fertilization of Parisian and BsAs tango music, but failed to impress the listeners in Argentina.
The most powerful admission of Parisian influences Canaro himself made is his 1938 record of “El Garron”, “Tango Criollo-Parisian”:


Quinteto Don Pancho (Francisco Canaro), El Garron (Tango Criollo-Parisian) (1938)

Dissolving: Europe from North to South

$
0
0
Lemberg/Lwów (Galicia, once Austrian Empire, then Poland, later Soviet Union, now Ukraine), c. 1900, from here

Rovinj/Rovigno (Istria, once Austrian Empire, then Italy, later Yugoslavia, now Croatia), 25 May 2014

Come with us! Maramureș, Bukovina and South-Eastern Poland

$
0
0

This year, the travel season starts late along Río Wang, but this also demonstrates the strength of the Wang river. After all, a full revolution and the intervention of a superpower was necessary to renounce the repetition of the Crimean tour, planned for this spring and awaited by so many of our readers, as well as the Lemberg Easter, which is especially painful, because this year, as a rare constellation, every denomination of Lemberg – Catholic Poles, Ukrainian Greek Catholics, Russian Orthodox, and Armenian Catholics – celebrated it in the same days in the countless churches of the city, on its streets and squares, as well as in the open-air museum of wooden churches.

Our first tour in this year, by popular demand, is the repetition and expansion of last year’s Maramureș-Bukovina journey. Between 25 and 29 June (Wednesday–Sunday) we leave from Budapest by bus, and arrive through the medieval city of Baia Mare/Nagybánya, the cradle of Hungarian Impressionism and the gate of historical Maramureș, to one of the most archaic regions of Transylvania. We visit its wooden churches included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage and its Hasidic cemeteries, Sighetul Marmației/Máramarossziget, the central town of the region, cut in two by the Tisza river and the Ukrainian-Romanian border, and the “merry cemetery” of Sapânța/Szaplonca. We climb up with the narrow-gauge forestry railway to the virgin forest in the border mountains, to return in the afternoon, along with the wagons loaded with wood, to the Rusyn village of Vișeu de Sus/Felsővisó. We walk to the Horses’ Waterfall and the pass of the Radna Mountains. We visit the Renaissance-style princely monasteries in Bukovina, painted both inside and out with the full symbolism of Orthodox icons, which also feature on the list of UNESCO World Heritage. Our accommodation will be in traditional peasant farms engaged in agroturism, and – if we manage to reserve in time – in the Bukovina monasteries. The participation fee for the five-day tour (accommodation with breakfast + bus from Budapest and back + guide) is about 270-300 euros, depending on the number of participants. If you are interested, please register by 31 May, after which we will publish, on the basis of the certain registrations, the final participation fee and send out the detailed program.

Our previous posts from the the former county of Maramureș (click for a full map), which will increase in the following weeks.

maramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramarosmaramaros

On our second journey, between 13 and 17 August (Wednesday–Sunday) we will wander all over Western Galicia, today’s South-Eastern Poland, the richest region of the medieval and early Polish kingdom and the traditional center of Polish Jewry. Our road leads through Renaissance cities and castles, shtetls and beautifully carved Hasidic cemeteries. Leaving from Budapest by bus, we first stop in Krakow, where we visit the Renaissance old town, the Wawel and the Jewish suburb of Kazimierz, well off of the tourist routes. Through the medieval town of Sandomierz we arrive at Lublin, a second center of medieval Polish kingdom and formerly its largest Jewish center. From there we turn south to visit the most beautiful old towns along the modern Ukrainian border, the ideal Renaissance Zamość, Leżajsk, the Hasidic pilgrimage site and Jarosław, the seat of the former Jewish “parliament” of Poland, to Przemyśl at the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, a former bulwark of the Austrian Empire, and to the Bieszczady, the most romantic mountains of present-day Poland, where we will also visit the ghost villages of the Rusyns displaced after WWII. Turning back to the west, we will pass through the Renaissance towns of Rzeszów, Tarnów and Nowy Sącz and come to the Dukla Pass, where we also stop at some of the soldiers’ cemeteries of the 1915 Gorlice breakthrough, and from where we will return, through Bardejov/Bártfa and Košice/Kassa to Budapest. Here you can find the planned route of the journey. The participation fee for the five-day tour (accommodation with breakfast + bus from Budapest and back + guide) is about 300-330 euros, depending on the number of participants. If you are interested, please register until 31 May, after which we will publish, on the basis of the certain registrations, the final participation fee and send out the detailed program.

Soon we will publish new plans of further journeys.


Referendum

$
0
0

When I first glimpsed them, peering out through the dirty window glass of the no. 5 tram as it scraped its way along the embankment of the Vltava, I had trouble making sense of them. Were they really a series of propaganda posters agitating for the Czech annexation of Subcarpathia? Were they really prominently displayed in the stone frames that, before 1989, displayed Communist propaganda to the travelers along one of Prague’s busiest thoroughfares?

I blinked, twice. Yes, it seemed to be true.


referendum2referendum2referendum2


Is this evidence of some latent thread of Czech hope, a nostalgic longing for a mythic Slavic past, a yearning for reunification with Československo’s lost little brother, Podkarpatská Rus? Emboldened, perhaps, by Putin’s recent swallowing in a single bite the whole of Crimea, were there Czech irredentists on the march?

The whole thing struck me as maybe satirical, so I went to the internet to find out more. It is true that, prior to 1989, the six stone frames built into the wall that separates Letná hill from the embankments named after Edvard Beneš and Kapitán Otakar Jaroš, were used for socialist propaganda. After the change of regime, they fell into disuse. In 2005, they were again put to use as an outdoor public art gallery named Artwall.

The current exhibition, Verchovina, is by a group of Slovak artists, known as Kassaboys, who hail from Košice (Kassa in Hungarian). The posters act as the ephemera from a fictitious referendum to reunite Czechoslovakia, including Subcarpathia, which was an integral part of the republic in the interwar period 1918-1938. The artists themselves state that the work is a reaction to current events in Ukraine, where an implicitly fictitious referendum in real life has brought Crimea back under Russian rule. And their choice of the series of words: integration, connection, affiliation, annexation serves as a commentary on a possible future for Podkarpatská Rus (and, pars pro toto, of the whole of Ukraine) with regard to the EU.

referendumreferendumreferendumreferendumreferendumreferendumreferendumThe original posters show that they were composed by adding the red slogans on the illustrations of a German-language travel brochure of Subcarpathia from the 1930s

You can find out more at the Artwall web site (in Slovak) and in this article of the Aktualně.cz site (in Czech).


The Hutsul Republic

$
0
0
After the yesterday’s post on the affiliation of Subcarpathia I cannot postpone coming out any longer with the solution to the riddle which I asked precisely four months ago of the readers of río Wang.

“Kőrösmező [Yasinia]. Rafter’s prayer on the arrival of dam water”


“Ngs. [Nagyságos] Tabéry Géza urnak, Oradea-Mare, Kálvária útca 21.

Édes Gézám,
oly szép ez a vidék, ahol járunk, hogy idekivánunk benneteket is. Pompás helyek, kitünő koszt, szegény zsidók és rongyos oroszok… Igen érdekes helyek. Cseh-lengyel határnál, néha átjárunk 14°-os pilseni sört inni Csehiába. Kár hogy oly kevés a hátralevő idő, de vigaszul szolgál, hogy visszatértünk utján ujra meleg és értékes aranyos közeletekben leszünk pár órára. Igen nagy szeretettel gondolunk rátok! Károly.”
“To the Honourable Mr. Géza Tabéry, Oradea-Mare, Kálvária str. 21.

My dear Géza,
this region, where we are wandering, is so beautiful, that we wish you were here. Gorgeous places, excellent food, poor Jews and ragged Russians… Very interesting places. We sometimes cross the Czech-Polish border to drink 14° Pilsen beer in Czechia. Too bad that so little time remains, but it is a consolation that on our way home we will spend a few hours in your warm, precious and kind company. We think of you with much love! Károly.”

Kőrösmező/Yasinia in today’s Subcarpathia/Zakarpattya, Ukraine
“As we know”, I wrote then, “between the two world wars Kőrösmező/Yasinia (at that time Jasiňa) belonged to Czechoslovakia together with the whole of Subcarpathia, and it was transferred de facto only in 1944, and de jure in 1947 to the Ukraine. However, the above postcard, which we found on an auction site, was sent with a printed Romanian caption and Romanian stamp from Kőrösmező (here called Frasin) to Oradea-Mare in July 1922.* In addition, the sender writes that they “go over” to Czechia to have a beer from Pilsen – that is, they are in Jasiňa, but nevertheless not in Czechoslovakia.

How is this possible?”

Many answers were given to the question, both in comments and in private letters. The most ingenious solution was proposed by Dániel Szávoszt-Vass, who, using Agatha Christie’s method, an analysis of the successive layers of the postcard, infallibly revealed that the card was posted in the otherFrasin, in Suceava county of Romania, where a resourceful entrepreneur obtained a large quantity of the poscards of the Subcarpathian Frasin/Jasiňa/Kőrösmező, and put them on sale for the people of Oradea on holiday there. A rather lapidary, but the more confident Ukrainian reader, ignorant of the Czech degrees of beer, proposed that Károly became so drunk from the 14° – that is, stronger than wine – beer that he did not know any more from which country to which he passed. According to Tamás Deák, Károly himself was the raftsman in the picture, who purchased the postcard in the Czech Yasinia, but posted it to Oradea somewhat farther down the Tisa, in the Romanian Sighetu Marmației. And some other commentators tried to solve the equation by the insertion of a previously not mentioned unknown, the so-called Hutsul Republic.

But what is the Hutsul Republic, and how can you send a Romanian postcard from there?

rusyndialectsrusyndialectsrusyndialectsrusyndialectsrusyndialectsrusyndialectsrusyndialectsrusyndialectsThe Subcarpathian Rusyn dialects from Paul Magocsi’s Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture (Toronto, 2005) (enlarge). The red dots mark the places discussed in the text below.

The ethnogenesis of the various Rusyn groups living in the valleys of the Carpathians was a complicated process, in which many people took part over 1500 years, from the early medieval White Croatians through the Kievan Rus immigrants to the 16th-century Slavicized Vlach shepherds, whose memory is still retained by the attribute Wołosky in the names of many Rusyn settlements from the Bieszczady to Moravia. Their latest group arriving there were the Hutsuls, who in the 17th century climbed up from Galicia, fleeing Polish and Turkish oppression, to their modern territory, the then largely uninhabited valleys between the two sources of the Tisa. The origin of their name is disputed. Some say it comes from the Uz, the Turkic nomads who herded for a thousand years on the other side of the border, and who served for a long time as the border guards of the Golden Horde – hence the many place names beginning with “Tatar” on the other side of the ridge –, while according to others it comes from Romanian hoțul meaning “highwayman”. In fact, arriving in Hungary, they dealt mainly in robbery, in addition to herding, along the road leading through the Tatar Pass. This lasted until Oleksa Dovbush, the Hutsul Robin Hood, upon his death in 1745, commanded his followers to distribute the loot among themselves and to settle down: this is the legend of the Hutsul conquest of the land.

The Hutsuls as an ethnographic exotism were discovered by the Czechoslovakian postcard publishers

korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4korosmezo4


After the expulsion of the Turks from Hungary, the article of law 103/1723 invited people from the West to settle in the unpopulated regions of the country, with the promise of exemption from taxes. Kőrösmező was settled in the 1720s by Germans, who by the second half of the century were already engaged in extensive and purposeful logging along the whole upper reaches of the Tisa. They also made use of the Hutsuls as cheap labor, who then started to give up herding and establish villages. The German craftsmen built a series of dams on the Tisa, which, when opened up twice a week, increased the river level to the point that the rafts prepared from the previously gathered lumber could float unhindered down the stream to the Hungarian Plains. The above postcard shows the moment before such an opening of the sluices. Along the way, the rafters gradually sold the wood, as well as the salt loaded on the rafts from the salt mines of Máramarossziget–Aknaszlatina (today Sighetu Marmației–Solotvino), and from Szolnok they returned on foot along the Tisa to Kőrösmező, which is qualified as a “Russo-German village” in the monograph of Elek Fényes in 1851. This trade was pursued by both nations mentioned in the postcard, the “ragged Russians” as well as the “poor Jews”. These latter are commemorated in Judit Elek’s film Tutajosok (Rafters, 1988), and their similar travels on the other side of the ridge, along the Cheremosh river are described by Funk, the “forest Jew” to Stanisław Vincenz, the author of Encounters with Hasids:

“There are eighty-seven great bends on the Cheremosh! And smaller ones – a lot. And you have to keep them all in mind, as if they were mapped on paper! Otherwise, oyoyoy, it is better not to say what would happen… The mountain kermanich were great people! Death is waiting for them on the left and on the right, but that’s nothing for them. Where can we find such people in the great world? I’m just a little apprentice, I only rafted some twenty years on the river. Think about it, when the dam of the Szybene Lake opens up, up there in the mountain, and the logs start to come, the current is rumbling, that’s a great splash! And you take them alone, my brother, but what a mass it was! A trifle, five wagons of wood! As if you would say, fifty tons. A trifle! And you only pay attention to where you could slide through with them between those rocks. And there are also the eddies, the underwater stones and reefs, just for the sake of variety, so you do not get bored. Devilry! However, what a trip! We had in the mountains a great man, although he lived as a peasant. He was called Master Foka Sumey. That one traveled all over the world! How much he must have seen, and nevertheless he said: there is no more delightful travel than to go by raft on the Cheremosh.”

korosmezo2korosmezo2korosmezo2korosmezo2korosmezo2

The Hutsuls, writes Paul Magocsi in his excelleent Rusyn encyclopedia, traditionally distinguished themselves from the Carpathian Rusyns, and from the turn of the century, under the influence of the Ukrainian nationalism spreading from Lemberg, they increasingly considered themselves Ukrainians. It is therefore no wonder that in 1918, when, after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the Rusyns were able to choose among an adhesion to Hungary, Czechoslovakia, or Western Ukraine, it was only the Hutsuls who decided for the third option. To understand better the history of the region, it is worth briefly reviewing the history of these three choices.

When Emperor Charles in his 16 October 1918 manifesto announced the federalization of the Monarchy, and called for the individual nations to establish their national councils, the Rusyn National Assembly, set up in Ungvár (today Uzhgorod) under the leadership of Petr Gebei and Augustin Voloshin, which felt no commonality with the Ukrainians over the Carpathians, but appreciated the pre-war efforts of the Hungarian government – above all, of Commissioner Ede Egán, much praised also by the great Czech journalist Ivan Olbracht in the 1930s – to raise the standard of living of the Rusyns, opted for autonomy within Hungary. On 29 November, the Rusyn National Assembly convoked in the Town Hall of Budapest, approved the Program of the Rusyn Nation, and the 23 December law of Hungary announced the establishment of the autonomous government of Ruska-Kraina with Munkács (today Mukachevo) as its center.

The Hutsuls, however, disagreed with staying in Hungary, and on 8 November in Kőrösmező/Yasinia, led by the local-born Austro-Hungarian officer Stepan Klochurak, they declared the birth of the independent Hutsul Republic, which – just like the Republic of Crimea or of Donetsk in our days – immediately applied for its admission into the Western Ukrainian Republic, proclaimed two weeks earlier in Lemberg. The Hutsuls living lower along the Tisa declared the same on 10 November in their assembly in Huszt (today Khust), and on 17 November they established a “Ukrainian National Rada” in Máramarossziget (today Sighetu Marmației), which declared war on the Rusyn National Assembly of Ungvár. In January 1919 the Ukrainian army broke into Subcarpathia to assist the Hutsul Republic, so that on 21 January the National Rada declared the union of Subcarpathia with the Ukraine. However, a few days later the Ukrainian army was captured by the National Guard of Munkács without firing a shot, and they were transported back unarmed to Poland.

Twenty years later. The 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment. From Adam Nowak’s collection. On 14 September 1939 the regiment wiped out the motorized battalion of the SS regiment “Germania” in half an hour before Lwów.

Meanwhile, however, they also started to organize the third option, which sounded the least likely to the Rusyns, that is, joining Czechoslovakia. The future Czechoslovak president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who, as the husband of President Wilson’s niece, and enjoyed a unique opportunity to influence post-war conditions, suggested this as early as May 1918 during his American tour to the American Rusyns, who, in shock, refused it. But Masaryk was aware well before Brecht, that if the leaders are dissatisfied with the people, the people must be replaced. He contacted the lawyer Grigory Zhatkovich, counsel of General Motors in Detroit, and the prospective first governor of the prospective Podkarpatská Rus, who then established the Ruthenian American National Council. In the name of the latter organization he signed an agreement with Masaryk in Pittsburgh on the joining of the prospective autonomous Rusyn land with the prospective Czechoslovakia. President Wilson, when Masaryk introduced the agreement to him, might have considered the idea unlikely himself, because before its approval, he requested a solicitation of the opinions of the Rusyns in Hungary on the matter.

For the formation of a correct opinion, the correct conditions were needed. On 23 December the Entente assigned the Eastern demarcation line of the Czechoslovakian occupation of Northern Hungary, more or less along the Slovak language boundary, to the west of Ungvár. On 7 January the Rusyns of Šariš – the foothill area along the demarcation line –, who lived sporadically in this region, under Czechoslovakian pressure, convoked a reunion to Eperjes (today Prešov). On behalf of the whole Rusyn nation, they called  the Czechoslovak army to extend its authority over the entire Rusyn land, that is, also on Ruska-Kraina, which, in the name of national self-determination, had already opted for autonomy within Hungary. The Czechoslovak army honored the request. On 12 January they crossed the demarcation line assigned to them, and, occupying Ungvár, they forced the Rusyn National Assembly convoked to the town hall to approve the American agreement. Subsequently, on 5 February Foreign Minister Edvard Beneš announced in the Paris Peace Conference, that although this did not figure among the Czechoslovakian claims, nevertheless the Rusyns want to join Czechoslovakia of their own free will. The Rusyn land, previously considered a part of Hungary, was allotted to Czechoslovakia by the Conference on 13 March.

Twenty years later. Hutsul wedding on the Polish side of the Carpathians. On the houses, already appear the flags of the new power. From Adam Nowak’s collection.

Simultaneously with the Czechoslovak army, the Romanian army, having previously invaded Transylvania, also attacked the region to assert their territorial claims in Subcarpathia. On 19 January they seized Máramarossziget from the Hutsul Republic, and on 11 June, to assure their fresh conquest of Bukovina, they occupied the railway line leading through the Upper Tisa valley and the Tatar Pass to Kolomea and Czernowitz, on whose Kőrösmező station we have already written in other respects. They arrested the whole government of the Republic, and after interrogations they set them free one by one. The final release, after three months, was the Prime Minister, Stepan Klochurak, whose fate would be quite adventurous in Czechoslovakia. He became a founder of the Social Democratic Party, and then switched to the close-to-government Agrarian Party, and would become its main promoter in Subcarpathia. In 1938, when, under the shadow of the Munich agreement, Czechoslovakia is finally ready to give to the Rusyn land the autonomy promised in vain for twenty years, he became the secretary of the new governor, Augustin Voloshin, the former founder of Ruska-Kraina, and then, in the first hours, the Minister of Defense of Carpatho-Ukraine that became briefly independent in the early afternoon of 15 March 1939. He fled to Prague to avoid the arrival of the Hungarian army. Here he was arrested in 1945 by the Soviet counterintelligence service. The politician who first proclaimed the union of Subcarpathia and the Ukraine, which came to be exactly in those months, would be deported to the Gulag.

The Romanian occupation lasted long in the Hutsul land. The winners quarreled over the bone, and the Czechoslovakian-Romanian boder remained undefined for a long time. Romania wanted to seize the valley of the Upper Tisa with the railway leading from Maramureș to Bukovina, and they started to settle in Kőrösmező. They even gave an official Romanian names to the settlement where there never lived any Romanians: Frasin, by translating the Hutsul name meaning “ash tree”. The Hungarian postcards that they found in the post offices were overprinted in Romanian, writes Lajos Horváth in the third volume of the Subcarpathian Yearbooks of Postal History (2007), in which he also presents some more overprinted postcards from Kőrösmező, which is to say, Frasin. These also testify, that with the pacification of the region, hotel guests also started to return to the settlement, which had been long considered an established holiday destination. The unofficial triple – Czechoslovak-Polish-Romanian – border ran not far from here, offering a comfortable way to Károly to go over to “Czechia” for a beer from Pilsen.

Surviving Czechoslovak border stone in the mountains above Kőrösmező (for the similarly surviving Polish border stone check here)

Although the peace treaty of Saint-Germain allotted Subcarpathia to Czechoslovakia already on 10 September 1919, the Romanian army remained for a long time on the territory they occupied. Their withdrawal started only in March 1920, and it lasted until October. Kőrösmező/Frasin was handed over to the Czechoslovaks on 25 July. The border disputes and land exchanges went on for a long time between the two states, so that the final border treaty was signed by them only on 4 May 1921. On this occasion, the Prague government gave away to Romania as a present the town of Máramarossziget, with an 80% Hungarian population, “as an evidence and token of the good neighborly and friendly relationship”. As a result, the Csap/Čap – Kőrösmező/Jasiňa train here provisionally went over to Romanian territory, and thus in the interwar period it was usual that at the last Czechoslovakian station, Romanian border guards boarded the train, all the doors were locked shut, and they were reopened only when, after Sighetu Marmației, the train entered Czechoslovakian territory again.

The peace treaty made the Tisa, until then the road of livelihood for the rafters, a border river, and cut the Subcarpathian lumbermen off from their traditional Hungarian market. Rafting from Jasiňa to Szolnok was bound to special licenses. Wood transport was thus increasingly shifted to rail, which fell into the hands of the Czech legionnaires, who became wealthy during the Russian civil war. The Hutsuls, as Ivan Olbracht vividly described in his reports in the 1930s, lost their main source of income, and sank into increasing poverty.

With the fall of the Hutsul Republic, Yasinia lost its status as a capital, but in the new republic it gained a new prominence as its ultima Thule, the easternmost town. As the contemporary patriotic Czech proverb held:“Od Jasini do Aše republika je naše”, “from [the Hutsul] Yasinia to [the Sudeten German] Asch, the republic is ours!” And its wooden church, built in honor of the Resurrection of Christ (with the Hungarian king of St. Stephan on its processional banner) became a symbol of the distant and exotic region, and as one of the examples from yesterday’s post demonstrates, it still remains.


The predecessor of the “little wooden church”, rebuilt in 1824, was established according to legend by a Galician sheep-owner, Ivan Struk by name, who in the 16th century wanted to shift several hundred sheep bought in Hungary through the Tatar Pass. However, winter came suddenly upon them. He left his sheep on the site of the future chapel, and he himself was barely able to cross the pass before it was made impassable by the snow. In spring he went back to at least strip off the skin of the dead animals, but to his great surprise he saw them all alive, and what is more, many of them had even farrowed. In gratitude, he built this church, called after him “Strukovska”, an important pilgrimage site of the region.

korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3korosmezo3The church became a favorite topic of Jasiňa postcards in Czechoslovak times

The two capitals :) Prague and Jasiňa at the 10th anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic, 28 October 1928, with a festive stamp



The beginning of the end. Czech French legionnaire stamp, one month before the Munich Agreement, and a Prague German family letter seven years before the deportation of the Prague Germans. “Liebe Mama, Die erste Woche war schönes Wetter, jetzt leider jeden Tag Regen, wobei die Gegend sehr schön. Nächste Woche werde ich noch schreiben mit welchem Zug ich ankomme da ich doch nicht weiß, wo ich bleibe. Grüße, Henia.”

The stamp issued on the 10th anniversary of the republic, with a new text, for the first (failed) meeting of the independent Carpatho-Ukrainian parliament in Hust (today Khust). (See also Ingert Kuzych’s article in the philatelic journal The Czechoslovak Specialist,April 1990)

An envelope from the independent Ukraine

“Connection!” Poster of the pseudo-referendum on the annexion of Subcarpathia, June 2014, Prague


Farewell to Yasinia

$
0
0

In the past months, for this or that reason, we returned again and again to Kőrösmező/Yasinia, the “German-Russian village” lying at the source of the Tisa river, under the Tatar pass leading to Galicia. First we shared the discoveries of our tour last summer, then we remembered those who “lost their lives in an immigration procedure”, or climbed up, guided by the one-time traveler Sándor Török, to the Polish border, and then we got in a train with him at the border station. In yesterday’s post, looking around from the hill of the Strukivska church, and deciphering the strange message-in-a-bottle of a hundred-year-old postcard, we had a glimpse into the troubled fate of this region. Now, having told all we could tell about it, we leave Kőrösmező for a while, at least until we can lead a tour again to the source of the Black Tisa. We say farewell to it with the melancholic pictures of the Czech photo blog ajedna, which, just like the writings of Ivan Olbracht, beautifully attest to the amount of love and nostalgia for this region is remembered by another people.


Dunaio, Dunaio, Rusyn folk song, registered in 2010


korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5korosmezo5


korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6korosmezo6


Ex libris

$
0
0

Omnia mea mecum porto, I carry with me all what is mine – an ideal motto for him who usually goes around the world with a single backpack. Although I prefer the version of the emblem illustrated with, rather than Rollenhagen’s turtle, the snail, who carries his entire house with him everywhere. But the most perfect symbolic animal, I think, would be a kangaroo, with a one-terabyte external hard drive in its pouch.

Because, in fact, the most burdensome task is to carry even your library with you, or at least those few dozen books, which you need in those far away lands. To this end, it is best to photograph / scan the books purchased, and then to give them away. The more precious, rare or useful ones to libraries, so that more people have access to them. And once you follow the example of the library-enriching maecenases, like them, you will also want to leave some sign of your gesture in the book. For example, by a simple, but nice seal. “Gift of riowang.blogspot.com”, if you give it to an international library, “A wangfolyo.blogspot.com ajándéka”, if you want to bestow it upon a collection of your native Hungarian land.

For the design of these two stamps I hereby announce a competition for the readers of río Wang. The deadline is exactly one week, when I would like to bring home the first consignment to the Budapest Public Library. I’ll post the best designs for a voting here on the blog. And the award is that this stamp and the name/link of its designer will be at the top of the page on which I will list the books donated to the various libraries, to ease the access to them. And, of course, that this seal will be seen by everyone picking up the book in the libraries. By many, I hope.

On field trip in Nowy Wiśnicz

Afternoon melancholy

Tournés vers la mer

$
0
0

Des petits cailloux sur les tombes.
Les jouets d’un enfant, des jouets de pierre.
Un train, un avion, une voiture. Nice terminus. Nice, Nizza, Niza, Nica, Nissa, Ніцца, Ηίκαια, Nicea, Nicaea, Nisa, Ницца. Ils rêvaient de la Riviera et puis un jour, ils ont obtenu leur passeport, ils ont eu leur visa, ils ont pu acheter les billets et voilà, on emmène les enfants, la nourrice, la grand-mère, les tantes célibataires, l’oncle phtisique, le chien, le perroquet, la bonne. On s’installe en France, on envoie les enfants à l’école, on travaille, on travaille encore, on obtient sa naturalisation, on fait son service militaire, on meurt pour la France.

On meurt.
Le cimetière juif de Nice s’étend depuis près d’un siècle et demi sur la colline du château, juste en face de la mer.
Sur les tombes, de vieilles photos brunies, effacées, délavées, des visages souriants ou pensifs ou graves ou fiers.

nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1

Ils sont nés à Kiev, à Varsovie, à Kichinev, à Marioupol, à Kherson, à Odessa ou à Nikolaïev, à Kaunas, à Berlin, à Saint-Pétersbourg, à Lvov, à Ratautz en Bucovine, aujourd’hui Rădăuți en Roumanie, en Algérie aussi, à Oran ou à Constantine, à Taganrog, à Istanbul ou à Londres, à Rangoon en Birmanie même, au Caire également. A Johannesburg.


Ils sont morts à Nice ou à Menton, plus loin aussi parfois mais leurs proches les ont ramenés jusqu’ici, auprès des leurs. Au soleil au-dessus de la mer.

nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2

Aux années noires, mais elles furent moins noires ici qu’ailleurs, certains sont morts très loin vers l’Est. D’eux, il ne reste que quelques lignes à leur mémoire.



Certaines pierres frappent par l’archaïsme de leur graphie. En fait, on a déplacé dans ce cimetière les anciennes tombes du cimetière juif précédent qui se trouvait au bas du versant est de la colline. La pierre la plus ancienne remonte à 1540. Sur d’autres, les lettres de cuivre verdi multiplient les langues sur la pierre : français, hébreu, polonais, italien, russe — avec sa vieille orthographe d’avant la réforme de 1918 —, anglais, allemand. Et gravées, il y a toutes ces lettres effacées, ces mots oubliés, aussi.

nice3nice3nice3nice3nice3

Peu à peu les pierres disparaissent sous les pieds des passants qui se souviennent. En bas sous les arbres, la mer si bleue.

nice4nice4nice4nice4nice4


Facing the sea

$
0
0

Pebbles on the graves.
The toys of a child, stone toys.
A train, a plane, a car. Nice, terminus. Nice, Nizza, Niza, Nica, Nissa, Ніцца, Ηίκαια, Nicea, Nicaea, Nisa, Ницца. They dreamed of the Riviera, and then, one day, they got their passports, they had their visa, they could buy the tickets, and voilà, you take the children, the nanny, the granny, the unmarried aunts, the consumptive uncle, the dog, the parrot, the maid. You settle in France, you send the children to the school, you work, you work more, you obtain citizenship, you do your military service, you die for France.

You die.
The Jewish cemetery of Nice has extended for nearly a century and a half on the castle hill, just in front of the sea.
On the graves, old photos, browned, erased, faded, of smiling or thoughtful or serious or proud faces.

nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1nice1

They were born in Kiev, in Warsaw, in Kishinev, in Mariupol, in Kherson, in Odessa or in Nikolaev, in Kaunas, in Berlin, in St. Petersburg, in Lwów, in Radautz of Bukovina, today Rădăuți in Romania, also in Algeria, in Oran or in Constantine, in Taganrog, in Constantinople or in London, even in Rangoon of Burma, and also in Cairo. In Johannesburg.


They died in Nice, or in Menton, or sometimes even more far off, but their families brought them back here, next to theirs. To the sun above the sea.

nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2nice2

In the dark years, which were here still less black than elsewhere, some of them died far away, in the East. Of them remained only a few lines in their memory.



Some stones surprise you with their archaic typography. In fact, they have moved here the ancient tombs of a previous Jewish graveyard, which was once at the bottom of the hill. The oldest stone dates from 1540. On others, copper letters turned in green mirror in the stone the multitude of the languages: French, Hebrew, Polish, Italian, pre-1918 old-spelling Russian, English, German. And, engraved in stone, faded letters, forgotten words.

nice3nice3nice3nice3nice3

Gradually, the stones disappear from under the remembering visitors. Down, under the trees, the dazzling blue sea.

nice4nice4nice4nice4nice4


Viewing all 938 articles
Browse latest View live